浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
Ferroptosis in Treatment of Liver Fibrosis with Chinese Medicine： A Review
增强出版- Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae Vol. 29, Issue 23, Pages: 235-244(2023)
- 作者机构：
甘肃中医药大学 第一临床医学院，兰州730000
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
DOI：10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20231437
CLC： R2-0;R33;G353.11;R575Published：05 December 2023，
Published Online：20 September 2023，
Received：06 August 2023，
- 稿件说明：
扫 描 看 全 文
郑兰兰,郭才,何燕芳等.铁死亡在中药治疗肝纤维化中的研究进展[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2023,29(23):235-244.
ZHENG Lanlan,GUO Cai,HE Yanfang,et al.Ferroptosis in Treatment of Liver Fibrosis with Chinese Medicine： A Review[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2023,29(23):235-244.
郑兰兰,郭才,何燕芳等.铁死亡在中药治疗肝纤维化中的研究进展[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2023,29(23):235-244. DOI： 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20231437.
ZHENG Lanlan,GUO Cai,HE Yanfang,et al.Ferroptosis in Treatment of Liver Fibrosis with Chinese Medicine： A Review[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2023,29(23):235-244. DOI： 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20231437.
摘要
肝纤维化是各种慢性肝损伤作用于肝脏，导致肝星状细胞异常活化，以细胞外基质蛋白的生成与降解失衡，过度沉积破坏肝脏正常结构为主要特征的一种疾病。随着肝纤维化程度的加重，可发展为不可逆性的肝硬化与肝细胞癌，已经成为全球健康面临的巨大挑战。铁死亡是近些年来研究发现的一种铁依赖性的新型细胞死亡方式，主要涉及铁离子代谢异常、脂质过氧化物堆积及抗氧化防御系统的减弱。有多项研究表明通过诱导肝星状细胞铁死亡或减轻肝脏铁死亡可改善肝纤维化，减轻肝损伤。随着中药在各种慢性肝病中的广泛应用，其安全性好、功效覆盖广、方便易得等特点逐渐显现出来，与西药相比，在治疗慢性病方面独具优势。因此，以中药干预肝星状细胞或肝脏铁死亡作为切入点或将是今后防治肝纤维化的新方向。该文整理了铁死亡发生的多种调控机制，探讨了铁死亡如何影响肝纤维化的进展，总结中药活性成分及复方等通过铁死亡途径对肝纤维化进程进行干预的现状与进展，为未来中药防治肝纤维化提供理论支持。
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis characterized by various chronic liver injuries can lead to abnormal activation of hepatic stellate cells， unbalanced production and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins， and excessive deposition that destroys the normal structure of the liver. The aggravated liver fibrosis can cause irreversible cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma， becoming a great challenge to the global health. Ferroptosis is a new form of iron-dependent cell death discovered in recent years， which mainly involves abnormal iron metabolism， lipid peroxide accumulation， and weakening of the antioxidant defense system. A number of studies have reported that inducing ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells or alleviating ferroptosis in the liver can ameliorate liver fibrosis and reduce liver injury. Chinese medicine widely applied in the treatment of chronic liver diseases has demonstrated good safety， wide therapeutic effects， and easy access compared with Western medicine. Therefore， The intervention of hepatic stellate cells or hepatic ferroptosis by Chinese medicine may be a new direction for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis in the future. This paper summarized the various regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and expounded how ferroptosis affected the progression of liver fibrosis， providing theoretical support for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis with Chinese medicine in the future.
关键词
铁死亡中药肝纤维化研究进展
Keywords
ferroptosisChinese medicineliver fibrosisresearch progress
references
ROEHLEN N，CROUCHET E，BAUMERT T F.Liver fibrosis：Mechanistic concepts and therapeutic perspectives［J］.Cells，2020，9（4）：875.
MOON A M，SINGAL A G，TAPPER E B.Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis［J］.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol，2020，18（12）：2650-2666.
SAFFIOTI F，PINZANI M.Development and regression of cirrhosis［J］.Dig Dis，2016，34（4）：374-381.
TOH M R，WONG E，WONG S H，et al.Global epidemiology and genetics of hepatocellular carcinoma［J］.Gastroenterology，2023，164（5）：766-782.
XU L，ZHANG M，PAN J，et al.Doxofylline ameliorates liver fibrosis by regulating the ferroptosis signaling pathway［J］.Front Pharmacol，2023，14：1135366.
DING S，JIANG J，ZHANG G，et al.Ambient particulate matter exposure plus chronic ethanol ingestion exacerbates hepatic fibrosis by triggering the mitochondrial ROS-ferroptosis signaling pathway in mice［J］.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf，2023，256：114897.
ZHENG Y，ZHAO T，WANG J，et al.Curcumol alleviates liver fibrosis through inducing autophagy and ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells［J］.FASEB J，2022，36（12）：e22665.
张颖.丹参注射液对铁超载斑马鱼的保护作用及对慢性铁超载小鼠肝脏和心脏纤维化抑制作用与机制的研究［D］.石家庄：河北医科大学，2015.
江远.铁沉积于HSC细胞与肝纤维化相关性研究及复方肝毒清的干预作用 ［D］.广州：广州中医药大学，2009.
SCHWEICHEL J U，MERKER H J.The morphology of various types of cell death in prenatal tissues［J］.Teratology，1973，7（3）：253-266.
TANG D，KANG R，BERGHE T V，et al.The molecular machinery of regulated cell death［J］.Cell Res，2019，29（5）：347-364.
DIXON S J，LEMBERG K M，LAMPRECHT M R，et al.Ferroptosis：An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death［J］.Cell，2012，149（5）：1060-1072.
KUANG F，LIU J，TANG D，et al.Oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in ferroptosis［J］.Front Cell Dev Biol，2020，8：586578.
GAO H，JIN Z，BANDYOPADHYAY G，et al.Aberrant iron distribution via hepatocyte-stellate cell axis drives liver lipogenesis and fibrosis［J］.Cell Metab，2022，34（8）：1201-1213.
YU Y， JIANG L， WANG H，et al. Hepatic transferrin plays a role in systemic iron homeostasis and liver ferroptosis ［J］. Blood， 2020， 136（6）： 726-739.
ZHANG L，JIA R，LI H，et al.Insight into the double-edged role of ferroptosis in disease［J］.Biomolecules，2021，11（12）：1790.
BOGDAN A R，MIYAZAWA M，HASHIMOTO K，et al.Regulators of iron homeostasis： New players in metabolism，cell death， and disease［J］.Trends Biochem Sci，2016，41（3）：274-286.
VON DRYGALSKI A，ADAMSON J W.Iron metabolism in man［J］.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr，2013，37（5）：599-606.
FENG H，STOCKWELL B R.Unsolved mysteries： How does lipid peroxidation cause ferroptosis？［J］.PLoS Biol，2018，16（5）：e2006203.
CHENG X，ZHANG J，XIAO Y，et al.Mitochondrial regulation of ferroptosis in cancer therapy［J］.Int J Mol Sci，2023，24（12）：10037.
WAGNER B A，BUETTNER G R，BURNS C P.Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells：Oxidizability is a function of cell lipid bis-allylic hydrogen content［J］.Biochemistry，1994，33（15）：4449-4453.
VIGOR C，BERTRAND-MICHEL J，PINOT E，et al.Non-enzymatic lipid oxidation products in biological systems：Assessment of the metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids［J］.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci，2014，964：65-78.
SHINTOKU R，TAKIGAWA Y，YAMADA K，et al.Lipoxygenase-mediated generation of lipid peroxides enhances ferroptosis induced by erastin and RSL3［J］.Cancer Sci，2017，108（11）：2187-2194.
MORTENSEN M S，RUIZ J，WATTS J L.Polyunsaturated fatty acids drive lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis［J］.Cells，2023，12（5）：804.
LI J，JIA Y C，DING Y X，et al.The crosstalk between ferroptosis and mitochondrial dynamic regulatory networks［J］.Int J Biol Sci，2023，19（9）：2756-2771.
DU K，OH S H，DUTTA R K，et al.Inhibiting xCT/SLC7A11 induces ferroptosis of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells but exacerbates chronic liver injury［J］.Liver Int，2021，41（9）：2214-2227.
LIU Y，CHEN W，CEN Y，et al.Hepatocyte ferroptosis contributes to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury：Involvement of the HIF-1α/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis［J］.Chem Biol Interact，2023，376：110439.
LIU S，ZHANG H L，LI J，et al.Tubastatin A potently inhibits GPX4 activity to potentiate cancer radiotherapy through boosting ferroptosis［J］.Redox Biol，2023，62：102677.
BI Y， LIU S， QIN X， et al. FUNDC1 interacts with GPx4 to govern hepatic ferroptosis and fibrotic injury through a mitophagy-dependent manner ［J］. J Adv Res， 2023，doi：10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.012http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.012.
DIXON S J，PATEL D N，WELSCH M，et al.Pharmacological inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis［J］.Elife，2014，3：e02523.
WU M，XU L G，LI X，et al.AMID， an apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated protein， induces Caspase-independent apoptosis［J］.J Biol Chem，2002，277（28）：25617-25623.
DOLL S，FREITAS F P，SHAH R，et al.FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor［J］.Nature，2019，575（7784）：693-698.
BERSUKER K，HENDRICKS J M，LI Z，et al.The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis［J］.Nature，2019，575（7784）：688-692.
WERNER E R，BLAU N，THÖNY B.Tetrahydrobiopterin：Biochemistry and pathophysiology［J］.Biochem J，2011，438（3）：397-414.
WU Y，DING Y，RAMPRASATH T，et al.Oxidative stress， GTPCH1， and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in hypertension［J］.Antioxid Redox Signal，2021，34（9）：750-764.
ROCHETTE L，LORIN J，ZELLER M，et al.Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases：Possible therapeutic targets？［J］.Pharmacol Ther，2013，140（3）：239-257.
LI H，FÖRSTERMANN U.Uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase in atherosclerosis and vascular disease［J］.Curr Opin Pharmacol，2013，13（2）：161-167.
FÖRSTERMANN U，SESSA W C.Nitric oxide synthases：Regulation and function［J］.Eur Heart J，2012，33（7）：829-837， 837a-837d.
CHANNON K M.Tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide synthase recouplers［J］.Handb Exp Pharmacol，2021，264：339-352.
KRAFT V，BEZJIAN C T，PFEIFFER S，et al.GTP cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin counteract ferroptosis through lipid remodeling［J］.ACS Cent Sci，2020，6（1）：41-53.
TARANGELO A，MAGTANONG L，BIEGING-ROLETT K T，et al.p53 suppresses metabolic stress-induced ferroptosis in cancer cells［J］.Cell Rep，2018，22（3）：569-575.
ZHANG W，GAI C，DING D，et al.Targeted p53 on small-molecules-induced ferroptosis in cancers［J］.Front Oncol，2018，8：507.
GUAN Z，CHEN J，LI X，et al.Tanshinone ⅡA induces ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells through p53-mediated SLC7A11 down-regulation［J］.Biosci Rep，2020，40（8）：BSR20201807.
ZHANG Z，GUO M，SHEN M，et al.The BRD7-P53-SLC25A28 axis regulates ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells［J］.Redox Biol，2020，36：101619.
DODSON M，CASTRO-PORTUGUEZ R，ZHANG D D.NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis［J］.Redox Biol，2019，23：101107.
TONELLI C，CHIO I，TUVESON D A.Transcriptional regulation by Nrf2［J］.Antioxid Redox Signal，2018，29（17）：1727-1745.
GANZ T.Hepcidin and its role in regulating systemic iron metabolism［J］.Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program，2006，doi：10.1155/2011/260380Show citationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/260380Showcitation.
LIU C Y，WANG M，YU H M，et al.Ferroptosis is involved in alcohol-induced cell death in vivo and in vitro［J］.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem，2020，84（8）：1621-1628.
TSURUSAKI S，KANEGAE K，TANAKA M.In vivo analysis of necrosis and ferroptosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）［J］.Methods Mol Biol，2022，2455：267-278.
GONG Y，LIU Z，ZHANG Y，et al.AGER1 deficiency-triggered ferroptosis drives fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus［J］.Cell Death Discov，2023，9（1）：178.
WANG Y，ZHAO M，ZHAO L，et al.HBx-Induced HSPA8 Stimulates HBV replication and suppresses ferroptosis to support liver cancer progression［J］.Cancer Res，2023，83（7）：1048-1061.
HU W，ZHOU C，JING Q，et al.FTH promotes the proliferation and renders the HCC cells specifically resist to ferroptosis by maintaining iron homeostasis［J］.Cancer Cell Int，2021，21（1）：709.
WANG H，AN P，XIE E，et al.Characterization of ferroptosis in murine models of hemochromatosis［J］.Hepatology，2017，66（2）：449-465.
韩志强，巴图德力根，薛兰，等.蒙药德都红花-7味散对大鼠慢性肝损伤保护机制［J］.中国临床药理学杂志，2022，38（21）：2596-2599.
PADDA R S， GKOUVATSOS K， GUIDO M， et al. A high-fat diet modulates iron metabolism but does not promote liver fibrosis in hemochromatotic Hjv-/- mice ［J］. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol， 2015， 308（4）： G251-G261.
BRISSOT P，CAMPION J P，GUILLOUZO A，et al.Experimental hepatic iron overload in the baboon：Results of a two-year study. Evolution of biological and morphologic hepatic parameters of iron overload［J］.Dig Dis Sci，1983，28（7）：616-624.
BROWN K E，DENNERY P A，RIDNOUR L A，et al.Effect of iron overload and dietary fat on indices of oxidative stress and hepatic fibrogenesis in rats［J］.Liver Int，2003，23（4）：232-242.
ASARE G A，PATERSON A C，KEW M C，et al.Iron-free neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis in Wistar rats fed a diet high in iron［J］.J Pathol，2006，208（1）：82-90.
MACKINNON M，CLAYTON C，PLUMMER J，et al.Iron overload facilitates hepatic fibrosis in the rat alcohol/low-dose carbon tetrachloride model［J］.Hepatology，1995，21（4）：1083-1088.
BLOOMER S A，BROWN K E.Iron-induced liver injury：A critical reappraisal［J］.Int J Mol Sci，2019，20（9）：2132.
WEI Y，GAO C，WANG H，et al.Mori fructus aqueous extracts attenuates liver injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via the Nrf2 pathway［J］.J Anim Sci Biotechnol，2023，14（1）：56.
MIAO H，WU X Q，ZHANG D D，et al.Deciphering the cellular mechanisms underlying fibrosis-associated diseases and therapeutic avenues［J］.Pharmacol Res，2021，163：105316.
ZHAO Y Q，DENG X W，XU G Q，et al.Mechanical homeostasis imbalance in hepatic stellate cells activation and hepatic fibrosis［J］.Front Mol Biosci，2023，10：1183808.
ZHANG Z，GUO M，LI Y，et al.RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP protects against ferroptosis by regulating autophagy signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells［J］.Autophagy，2020，16（8）：1482-1505.
YUAN S，WEI C，LIU G，et al.Sorafenib attenuates liver fibrosis by triggering hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis via HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway［J］.Cell Prolif，2022，55（1）：e13158.
ZHANG Z，YAO Z，WANG L，et al.Activation of ferritinophagy is required for the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1/HuR to regulate ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells［J］.Autophagy，2018，14（12）：2083-2103.
SUI M，JIANG X，CHEN J，et al.Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation by regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway［J］.Biomed Pharmacother，2018，106：125-133.
KUO C Y，CHIU V，HSIEH P C，et al.Chrysophanol attenuates hepatitis B virus X protein-induced hepatic stellate cell fibrosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis［J］.J Pharmacol Sci，2020，144（3）：172-182.
WANG C，SU Z，XU J H，et al.Danshensu attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced LX-2 and T6 cells activation through regulation of ferroptosis［J］.Food Sci Nutr，2023，11（1）：344-349.
SHI Y，YAN T，LU X，et al.Phloridzin reveals new treatment strategies for liver fibrosis［J］.Pharmaceuticals （Basel），2022，15（7）：896.
DANG Z， LI Q， SUN S， et al. The medicinal plant pair bupleurum chinense-scutellaria baicalensis - metabolomics and metallomics analysis in a model for alcoholic liver injury ［J］. Front Pharmacol， 2019， 10： 254.
CHEN S， WU Z， KE Y， et al. Wogonoside inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in endometrial cancer via ER stress-Hippo signaling axis ［J］. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin （Shanghai）， 2019， 51（11）： 1096-1105.
LIU G，WEI C，YUAN S，et al.Wogonoside attenuates liver fibrosis by triggering hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis through SOCS1/P53/SLC7A11 pathway［J］.Phytother Res，2022，36（11）：4230-4243.
WU X，ZHI F，LUN W，et al.Baicalin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation， apoptosis， invasion， migration and activation via the miR-3595/ACSL4 axis［J］.Int J Mol Med，2018，41（4）：1992-2002.
王玲. 基于铁死亡通路探讨蒿甲醚抗肝纤维化作用及其分子机制［D］.南京：南京中医药大学，2019.
WANG L，ZHANG Z，LI M，et al.P53-dependent induction of ferroptosis is required for artemether to alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation［J］.IUBMB Life，2019，71（1）：45-56.
LI Y，JIN C，SHEN M，et al.Iron regulatory protein 2 is required for artemether -mediated anti-hepatic fibrosis through ferroptosis pathway［J］.Free Radic Biol Med，2020，160：845-859.
ZHENG Y，WANG J，WANG J，et al.Effect of curcumol on the fenestrae of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells based on NF-κB signaling pathway［J］.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med，2020，2020：8590638.
郑洋，杨妍琪，宗晓轲，等.莪术醇对肝星状细胞NLRP3炎症小体作用的实验研究［J］.时珍国医国药，2021，32（1）：58-60.
罗飘.基于靶点“垂钓”与细胞热转变分析策略研究雷公藤红素抗肝纤维化作用机制［D］.北京：中国中医科学院，2022.
LUO P，LIU D，ZHANG Q，et al.Celastrol induces ferroptosis in activated HSCs to ameliorate hepatic fibrosis via targeting peroxiredoxins and HO-1［J］.Acta Pharm Sin B，2022，12（5）：2300-2314.
QUE R，CAO M，DAI Y，et al.Decursin ameliorates carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by facilitating ferroptosis of hepatic stellate cells［J］.Biochem Cell Biol，2022，100（5）：378-386.
KONG Z，LIU R，CHENG Y.Artesunate alleviates liver fibrosis by regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway［J］.Biomed Pharmacother，2019，109：2043-2053.
王桭屹，王娴，章之悦，等.青蒿琥酯通过铁死亡途径抑制肝星状细胞活化的作用机制［J］.中华中医药杂志，2022，37（1）：455-460.
LANG Z，YU S，HU Y，et al.Ginsenoside Rh2 promotes hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis and inactivation via regulation of IRF1-inhibited SLC7A11［J］.Phytomedicine，2023，118：154950.
LI L，WANG K，JIA R，et al.Ferroportin-dependent ferroptosis induced by ellagic acid retards liver fibrosis by impairing the SNARE complexes formation［J］.Redox Biol，2022，56：102435.
申敏.m~6A修饰调控肝星状细胞铁死亡改善肝纤维化的作用机制及双氢青蒿素干预效应研究［D］.南京：南京中医药大学，2022.
SHEN M，GUO M，LI Y，et al.m（6）A methylation is required for dihydroartemisinin to alleviate liver fibrosis by inducing ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells［J］.Free Radic Biol Med，2022，182：246-259.
张自力.双氢青蒿素调控肝星状细胞自噬与衰老发挥抗肝纤维化作用的分子机制研究［D］.南京：南京中医药大学，2019.
ZHANG Z，WANG X，WANG Z，et al.Dihydroartemisinin alleviates hepatic fibrosis through inducing ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells［J］.Biofactors，2021，47（5）：801-818.
王玉鑫，袁梦淑，田小荣，等.铁死亡在大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞减轻肝硬化中的作用［J］.中华实验外科杂志，2022，39（10）：1879-1883.
YI J，WU S，TAN S，et al.Berberine alleviates liver fibrosis through inducing ferrous redox to activate ROS-mediated hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis［J］.Cell Death Discov，2021，7（1）：374.
HO C H，HUANG J H，SUN M S，et al.Wild bitter melon extract regulates LPS-induced hepatic stellate cell activation， inflammation， endoplasmic reticulum stress， and ferroptosis［J］.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med，2021，2021：6671129.
HUANG S，WANG Y，XIE S，et al.Isoliquiritigenin alleviates liver fibrosis through caveolin-1-mediated hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis in zebrafish and mice［J］.Phytomedicine，2022，101：154117.
白图雅.蒙药德都红花-7味散对大鼠慢性肝损伤保护作用及铁死亡相关蛋白GPX4、DMT1、FTMTmRNA表达的影响［D］.通辽：内蒙古民族大学， 2022.
江远，张玲，刘燕，等.复方肝毒清影响二甲基亚硝胺诱导大鼠肝纤维化的机制研究［J］.热带医学杂志，2014，14（12）：1556-1559.
叶苗青，薛敬东，李粉萍，等.化脂复肝颗粒对非酒精性脂肪肝TLR4/NF-κB通路及脂肪铁死亡的调控及机制研究［J］.现代中西医结合杂志，2021，30（30）：3307-3312.
WEI Y，WANG H，ZHANG Y，et al.Comprehensive effect of carbon tetrachloride and reversal of gandankang formula in mice liver：Involved in oxidative stress， excessive inflammation，and intestinal microflora［J］.Antioxidants （Basel），2022，11（11）：2234.
YAN X，LIU Y，LI C，et al.Pien-Tze-Huang prevents hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing ferroptosis via inhibiting SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 axis［J］.Cancer Cell Int，2023，23（1）：109.
0
Views
20
下载量
0
CSCD
- H-PDFDownload
- L-PDFDownload
- BibTeXDownload
- EndnoteDownload
- RefMan Download
- NoteExpressDownload
- NoteFirstDownload
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
- Postal code：100700
- Tel：010-84076882 Email：syfjx_2010@188.com
- Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备11006657号-10
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
