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1.陕西国际商贸学院,陕西 咸阳 712046
2.陕西步长制药有限公司,西安 710075
3.汉中职业技术学院 药学院,陕西 汉中 723000
4.中国中医科学院 中药资源中心, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室,北京 100700
Received:07 April 2024,
Accepted:17 May 2024,
Published Online:27 May 2024,
Published:05 March 2025
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逯莉,杨祎辰,王二欢等.经典名方中萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓类药材的本草考证[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2025,31(05):218-247.
LU Li,YANG Yichen,WANG Erhuan,et al.Herbal Textual Research on Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma, Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2025,31(05):218-247.
逯莉,杨祎辰,王二欢等.经典名方中萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓类药材的本草考证[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2025,31(05):218-247. DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20241064.
LU Li,YANG Yichen,WANG Erhuan,et al.Herbal Textual Research on Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma, Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2025,31(05):218-247. DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20241064.
该文通过查阅历代文献资料,从名称、基原、产地、品质、采收加工、炮制、功效等方面对萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓三类药材进行了系统梳理与考证,为含这些药材的经典名方的开发利用提供参考。萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓类药材应用历史悠久,但因三者生长环境、药材性状相似,且都具有利湿、祛风、除痹的作用,因此历代存在同名异物、同物异名现象,以致基原混淆,故有必要对三者进行对比分析,系统考证,厘清三者历史发展与变迁脉络,为安全有效用药提供依据。经考证可知,萆薢始载于《神农本草经》,历史上有百枝、赤节、竹木等别名。从古代到20世纪中叶,一直存在薯蓣属植物的根茎和菝葜属植物根茎,甚至是肖菝葜属植物的根茎同时混作萆薢药材使用的情况,但自唐代明确推崇薯蓣属植物的根茎品质佳,为历代萆薢的主流。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》将其分为粉萆薢和绵萆薢2种药材,其中粉萆薢的来源为薯蓣科植物粉背薯蓣
Dioscorea hypoglauca
的干燥根茎;绵萆薢的来源为薯蓣科植物绵萆薢
D. spongiosa
和福州薯蓣
D. futschauensis
的干燥根茎。古代萆薢因种类不同其相应产地也不同,现萆薢主产于长江以南地区。萆薢的品质自唐代以来以色白绵软者为佳,近代以来则总结以色白、片大而薄、有粉性、质韧有弹性、整齐不碎者为佳。萆薢的采收时间均为春秋二季,以秋采质佳,炮制方法主流为切片后生用或酒浸炒干。菝葜始载于《名医别录》,历史上有金刚根、铁菱角、铁刷子等别名,历代主流来源为百合科菝葜
Smilax china
的干燥根茎,品质以质韧富含粉性者为佳,采收时间为秋末至次年春采挖,历代主流炮制方法为切片生用。土茯苓最早记载于《本草经集注》“禹余粮”条下,单列为独立药材始于《本草纲目》,历史上有草禹余粮、冷饭团、仙遗粮、土萆薢等别名,历代主流来源为百合科光叶菝葜
S. glabra
的干燥根茎。在历史上也有同属多种植物,甚至有肖菝葜属植物的根茎混用的情况。主产于广东、湖南、湖北、浙江、四川、安徽等地,近代以来总结其品质以片大、粉性、筋脉少、切面淡棕色为佳,采收时间为春秋二季,历代主流炮制方法为切片生用。萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓均具有利湿,祛风,除痹,解毒的作用,但解毒能力排序为土茯苓
>
菝葜
>
萆薢。治疗梅毒及汞中毒所致的肢体拘挛,筋骨疼痛,瘰疬,疥癣等是土茯苓的独特作用。基于考证结果,建议开发经典名方含萆薢药材首选粉背薯蓣
D. hypoglauca
的根茎,秋季采收,趁鲜切薄片,按照经典名方中的要求炮制,没有要求的生用;含菝葜药材的选用菝葜
S. china
的根茎,秋末采收,趁鲜切薄片,处方中没有特殊炮制要求的,生用;含土茯苓药材的选用光叶菝葜
S. glabra
的根茎,秋季采收,趁鲜切薄片,处方中没有特殊炮制要求的,生用。
This article systematically reviews and verifies the medicinal materials of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma(DHR), Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma(DSR), Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma(SCR) and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma(SGR) from the aspects of name, origin, producing area, quality, harvesting, processing and efficacy by consulting historical literature, in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing the four medicinal materials. DHR, DSR, SCR and SGR have a long history of application as medicinal materials. However, due to their similar growth environment and medicinal properties, as well as their functions of promoting dampness, dispelling wind and removing numbness, there have been instances of homonymous foreign objects and homonymous synonyms throughout history, resulting in confusion of the origin. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct comparative analysis and systematic research for clarifying the historical development and changes of the four, in order to provide a basis for safe and effective medication. According to research, Bixie w
as first recorded in
Shennong Bencaojing
and has been historically known as Baizhi, Chijie, Zhumu, and other aliases. From ancient times to the mid-20th century, there has always been a situation where the rhizomes of
Dioscorea
plants and
Smilax
plants, and even the rhizomes of
Heterosmilax
plants, were mixed together to be used as medicinal herbs for Bixie. However, since the Tang dynasty, it has been clearly advocated that the rhizomes of
Dioscorea
plants have excellent quality and have been the mainstream throughout history. The 2020 edition of
Chinese Pharmacopoeia
categorized it into two types of medicinal herbs(DHR and DSR). Among them, the origin of DHR is the dry rhizomes of
Dioscorea hypoglauca
, and the origins of DSR are the dry rhizomes of
D. spongiosa
and
D. futschauensis
. In ancient times, due to different types, the corresponding production areas of DHR and DSR were also different. Nowadays, They are mainly produced in the southern region of the Yangtze River. Since the Tang dynasty, the quality of Bixie has been characterized by its white color and soft nature. In modern times, it has been summarized that those with white color, large and thin pieces, powdery texture, tough and elastic texture, and neat and unbreakable are the best. The harvesting times of DHR and DSR are in spring or autumn, with the best quality harvested in autumn. The mainstream processing methods of them are slicing and then using the raw products or wine-processed products. SCR was first recorded in
Mingyi Bielu
and has been known as Jinganggen, Tielingjiao, Tieshuazi, and other aliases in history. The mainstream source is the dry rhizomes of
Smilax china
in the past dynasties, with the best quality being those that are tough and rich in powder. The harvesting time is from the late autumn to the following spring, and the main processing metho
d throughout history has been slicing for raw use. SGR was first recorded under the item of Yuyuliang in
Variorum of Shennong
'
s Classic of Materia Medica
. It was listed as an independent medicinal material from
Bencao Gangmu
. In history, there were such aliases as Cao Yuyuliang, Lengfantuan, Xianyiliang, Tubixie, etc. The main source of the past dynasties was dry rhizomes of
S. glabra
. In history, there have also been instances of multiple plants belonging to the same genus, and even cases of mixing the rhizomes of plants in the genus
Heterosmilax
. It is mainly produced in Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui and other regions, its quality has been summarized as large in size, powdery in texture, with few veins, and light brown in cross-section since modern times. The harvesting time is in spring or autumn, and the main processing method throughout history has been slicing for raw use. DHR, DSR, SCR and SGR all have the effects of promoting dampness, dispelling wind, relieving rheumatism and detoxifying. However, their detoxification abilities are ranked as follows:SGR
>
SCR
>
Bixie(DHR and DSR). Especially for the treatment of limb spasms, arthralgia and myalgia, scrofula, and scabies caused by syphilis and mercury poisoning, SGR has a unique effect. Based on the research results, DHR is recommended to develop the famous classical formulas containing Bixie as the first choice for medicinal herbs. It should be harvested in autumn, sliced thinly while fresh, and processed according to the requirements of the famous classical formulas, without any requirements for raw use. Selecting the rhizomes of
S. china
, harvested in late autumn, and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in the formulas, use it raw. Selecting the rhizomes of
S. glabra
, it is harvested in autumn and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in t
he formulas, raw products can be used.
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