References

1. 1.
   CRUZ-JENTOFT A J，SAYER A A.Sarcopenia［J］.Lancet，2019，393（10191）：2636-2646.
2. 2.
   CLYNES M A，GREGSON C L，BRUYÈRE O，et al.Osteosarcopenia：Where osteoporosis and sarcopenia collide［J］.Rheumatology，2021，60（2）：529-537.
3. 3.
   HSU B G，WANG C H，LAI Y H，et al.Association of endothelial dysfunction and peripheral arterial disease with sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease［J］.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle，2024，15（3）：1199-1208.
4. 4.
   CHEN L K，WOO J，ASSANTACHAI P，et al.Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia：2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment［J］.J Am Med Dir Assoc，2020，21（3）：300-307.
5. 5.
   MELOUANE A，YOSHIOKA M，ST-AMAND J.Extracellular matrix/mitochondria pathway：A novel potential target for sarcopenia［J］.Mitochondrion，2020，50：63-70.
6. 6.
   CALVANI R，JOSEPH A M，ADHIHETTY P J，et al.Mitochondrial pathways in sarcopenia of aging and disuse muscle atrophy［J］.Biol Chem，2013，394（3）：393-414.
7. 7.
   PETERSON C M，JOHANNSEN D L，RAVUSSIN E.Skeletal muscle mitochondria and aging：A review［J］.J Aging Res，2012，2012：194821.
8. 8.
   MIAO Y，XIE L，SONG J，et al.Unraveling the causes of sarcopenia：Roles of neuromuscular junction impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction［J］.Physiol Rep，2024，12（1）：e15917.
9. 9.
   YU B L，LI J，YE M S，et al.Discussion on traditional Chinese medicine disease name of sarcopenia［J］.Acta Med Sin，2022，37（10）：6105-6107.
10. 10.
    WU X L，LI Y F，ZHAO Y F.Research progress in diagnosis and assessment of sarcopenia［J］.Acad J Shanghai Univ Tradit Chin Med，2024，38（3）：93-100.
11. 11.
    HUA J，CUI D Z.Research progress on moxibustion therapy for post-stroke cognitive impairment［J］.Inf Tradit Chin Med，2024，41（9）：80-84，89.
12. 12.
    JOSEPH A M，ADHIHETTY P J，WAWRZYNIAK N R，et al.Dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control processes contribute to sarcopenia in a mouse model of premature aging［J］.PLoS One，2013，8（7）：e69327.
13. 13.
    PICCA A，CALVANI R，LEEUWENBURGH C，et al.Targeting mitochondrial quality control for treating sarcopenia：Lessons from physical exercise［J］.Expert Opin Ther Targets，2019，23（2）：153-160.
14. 14.
    MANSOURI A，MULLER F L，LIU Y，et al.Alterations in mitochondrial function，hydrogen peroxide release and oxidative damage in mouse hind-limb skeletal muscle during aging［J］.Mech Ageing Dev，2006，127（3）：298-306.
15. 15.
    HOLLOWAY G P，HOLWERDA A M，MIOTTO P M，et al.Age-associated impairments in mitochondrial ADP sensitivity contribute to redox stress in senescent human skeletal muscle［J］.Cell Rep，2018，22（11）：2837-2848.
16. 16.
    MULLER F L，SONG W，JANG Y C，et al.Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with increased mitochondrial ROS production［J］.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol，2007，293（3）：R1159-R1168.
17. 17.
    ALWAY S E，MOHAMED J S，MYERS M J.Mitochondria initiate and regulate sarcopenia［J］.Exerc Sport Sci Rev，2017，45（2）：58-69.
18. 18.
    HARPER C，GOPALAN V，GOH J.Exercise rescues mitochondrial coupling in aged skeletal muscle：A comparison of different modalities in preventing sarcopenia［J］.J Transl Med，2021，19（1）：71.
19. 19.
    CHAN D C.Fusion and fission：Interlinked processes critical for mitochondrial health［J］.Annu Rev Genet，2012，46：265-287.
20. 20.
    DETMER S A，CHAN D C.Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics［J］.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol，2007，8（11）：870-879.
21. 21.
    SEBASTIÁN D，SORIANELLO E，SEGALÉS J，et al.Mfn2 deficiency links age-related sarcopenia and impaired autophagy to activation of an adaptive mitophagy pathway［J］.EMBO J，2016，35（15）：1677-1693.
22. 22.
    TEZZE C，ROMANELLO V，DESBATS M A，et al.Age-associated loss of OPA1 in muscle impacts muscle mass，metabolic homeostasis，systemic inflammation，and epithelial senescence［J］.Cell Metab，2017，25（6）：1374-1389.
23. 23.
    PEÑA-MARTINEZ C，RICKMAN A D，HECKMANN B L.Beyond autophagy：LC3-associated phagocytosis and endocytosis［J］.Sci Adv，2022，8（43）：eabn1702.
24. 24.
    CUI X W，ZHANG Y M，WANG Z，et al.Influence of autophagy-mediated high-intensity interval training on skeletal muscle mass and aerobic capacity of middle-aged rats［J］.Chin J Tissue Eng Res，2018，22（8）：1196-1204.
25. 25.
    HU S，WU X R，XU S，et al.Role of mitophagy in exercise-induced amelioration of sarcopenia［J］.China Sport Sci Technol，2023，59（11）：82-90.
26. 26.
    TRIOLO M，HOOD D A.Manifestations of age on autophagy，mitophagy and lysosomes in skeletal muscle［J］.Cells，2021，10（5）：1054.
27. 27.
    ROMANELLO V，GUADAGNIN E，GOMES L，et al.Mitochondrial fission and remodelling contributes to muscle atrophy［J］.EMBO J，2010，29（10）：1774-1785.
28. 28.
    ZHU J，WANG K Z，CHU C T.After the banquet：Mitochondrial biogenesis，mitophagy，and cell survival［J］.Autophagy，2013，9（11）：1663-1676.
29. 29.
    WU Z，PUIGSERVER P，ANDERSSON U，et al.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1［J］.Cell，1999，98（1）：115-124.
30. 30.
    PALOMER X，ALVAREZ-GUARDIA D，RODRÍGUEZ-CALVO R，et al.TNF-alpha reduces PGC-1alpha expression through NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK leading to increased glucose oxidation in a human cardiac cell model［J］.Cardiovasc Res，2009，81（4）：703-712.
31. 31.
    RAHNERT J A，ZHENG B，HUDSON M B，et al.Glucocorticoids alter CRTC-CREB signaling in muscle cells：Impact on PGC-1α expression and atrophy markers［J］.PLoS One，2016，11（7）：e0159181.
32. 32.
    PARDO P S，BORIEK A M.The physiological roles of Sirt1 in skeletal muscle［J］.Aging（Albany NY），2011，3（4）：430-437.
33. 33.
    BENNETT C F，LATORRE-MURO P，PUIGSERVER P.Mechanisms of mitochondrial respiratory adaptation［J］.Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio，2022，23（12）：817-835.
34. 34.
    VISCOMI C，BOTTANI E，CIVILETTO G，et al.In vivo correction of COX deficiency by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α axis［J］.Cell Metab，2011，14（1）：80-90.
35. 35.
    HUANG D D，FAN S D，CHEN X Y，et al.Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates frailty and sarcopenia by impairing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in an age-dependent manner［J］.Exp Gerontol，2019，119：61-73.
36. 36.
    PISTILLI E E，JACKSON J R，ALWAY S E.Death receptor-associated pro-apoptotic signaling in aged skeletal muscle［J］.Apoptosis，2006，11（12）：2115-2126.
37. 37.
    CHABI B，LJUBICIC V，MENZIES K J，et al.Mitochondrial function and apoptotic susceptibility in aging skeletal muscle［J］.Aging Cell，2008，7（1）：2-12.
38. 38.
    AGRAWAL A，SURYAKUMAR G，RATHOR R.Role of defective Ca²⁺ signaling in skeletal muscle weakness：Pharmacological implications［J］.J Cell Commun Signal，2018，12（4）：645-659.
39. 39.
    GHERARDI G，MONTICELLI H，RIZZUTO R，et al.The mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake and the fine-tuning of aerobic metabolism［J］.Front Physiol，2020，11：554904.
40. 40.
    DEBATTISTI V，HORN A，SINGH R，et al.Dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake and sarcolemma repair underlie muscle weakness and wasting in patients and mice lacking MICU1［J］.Cell Rep，2019，29（5）：1274-1286.
41. 41.
    PAN X，LIU J，NGUYEN T，et al.The physiological role of mitochondrial calcium revealed by mice lacking the mitochondrial calcium uniporter［J］.Nat Cell Biol，2013，15（12）：1464-1472.
42. 42.
    MAMMUCARI C，GHERARDI G，ZAMPARO I，et al.The mitochondrial calcium uniporter controls skeletal muscle trophism in vivo［J］.Cell Rep，2015，10（8）：1269-1279.
43. 43.
    KIM J，LEE J Y，KIM C Y.A comprehensive review of pathological mechanisms and natural dietary ingredients for the management and prevention of sarcopenia［J］.Nutrients，2023，15（11）：2625.
44. 44.
    WALL B T，GORISSEN S H，PENNINGS B，et al.Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion［J］.PLoS One，2015，10（11）：e0140903.
45. 45.
    BILODEAU P A，COYNE E S，WING S S.The ubiquitin proteasome system in atrophying skeletal muscle：Roles and regulation［J］.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol，2016，311（3）：C392-C403.
46. 46.
    OLIE C S，O'BRIEN D P，JONES H，et al.Deubiquitinases in muscle physiology and disorders［J］.Biochem Soc Trans，2024，52（3）：1085-1098.
47. 47.
    FERNANDO R，DRESCHER C，NOWOTNY K，et al.Impaired proteostasis during skeletal muscle aging［J］.Free Radic Biol Med，2019，132：58-66.
48. 48.
    PAN L J，PAN X Q，FU P Y.Research progress of different modes of exercise alleviating age-related skeletal muscle atrophy/sarcopenia［J］.J Shandong Sport Univ，2023，39（2）：84-91.
49. 49.
    WELLE S，BROOKS A I，DELEHANTY J M，et al.Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle［J］.Physiol Genomics，2003，14（2）：149-159.
50. 50.
    ALTUN M，BESCHE H C，OVERKLEEFT H S，et al.Muscle wasting in aged，sarcopenic rats is associated with enhanced activity of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway［J］.J Biol Chem，2010，285（51）：39597-39608.
51. 51.
    CLAVEL S，COLDEFY A S，KURKDJIAN E，et al.Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases，atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat tibialis anterior muscle［J］.Mech Ageing Dev，2006，127（10）：794-801.
52. 52.
    LIANG Y J，YANG I H，LIN Y W，et al.Curcumin-loaded hydrophobic surface-modified hydroxyapatite as an antioxidant for sarcopenia prevention［J］.Antioxidants（Basel），2021，10（4）：616.
53. 53.
    DENG C，YANG Z M，XU F P，et al.Oxidative stress injury of skeletal muscle cells and intervention study of Astragalus polysaccharide［J］.Inf Tradit Chin Med，2019，36（3）：80-82.
54. 54.
    KIM Y S，YUK H J，KIM D S.Effect of Jakyakgamcho-Tang extracts on H₂O₂-induced C2C12 myoblasts［J］.Molecules，2021，26（1）：215.
55. 55.
    ULLA A，UCHIDA T，MIKI Y，et al.Morin attenuates dexamethasone-mediated oxidative stress and atrophy in mouse C2C12 skeletal myotubes［J］.Arch Biochem Biophys，2021，704：108873.
56. 56.
    KIM J W，KU S K，HAN M H，et al.The administration of Fructus Schisandrae attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice［J］.Int J Mol Med，2015，36（1）：29-42.
57. 57.
    SEO E，TRUONG C S，JUN H S.Psoralea corylifolia L.seed extract attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation［J］.J Ethnopharmacol，2022，296：115490.
58. 58.
    KIM S，KIM K，PARK J，et al.Curcuma longa L.water extract improves dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia by modulating the muscle-related gene and oxidative stress in mice［J］.Antioxidants（Basel），2021，10（7）：1000.
59. 59.
    HE P.Study on the effect and mechanism of Shiquandabu decoction on sarcopenia model rats induced by D-galactose combining with constrained motion［D］.Taiyuan：Shanxi University，2023.
60. 60.
    LEE C H，KWON Y，PARK S，et al.The impact of Ulmus macrocarpa extracts on a model of sarcopenia-induced C57BL/6 mice［J］.Int J Mol Sci，2024，25（11）：6197.
61. 61.
    SON R H，KIM M I，KIM H M，et al.Potential of Lycii Radicis Cortex as an ameliorative agent for skeletal muscle atrophy［J］.Pharmaceuticals（Basel），2024，17（4）：462.
62. 62.
    RYGIEL K A，PICARD M，TURNBULL D M.The ageing neuromuscular system and sarcopenia：A mitochondrial perspective［J］.J Physiol，2016，594（16）：4499-4512.
63. 63.
    LAI P，FANG Y J，LI X Y，et al.The therapeutic and mechanistic study of the extract of Morinda Officinalis on dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia in mice［J］.J Xihua Univ： Nat Sci Ed，2024，43（4）：110-122.
64. 64.
    LI Q，WU J，HUANG J，et al.Paeoniflorin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic kidney disease via AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction［J］.Front Pharmacol，2022，13：859723.
65. 65.
    WANG Y H，ZHANG Q.The research progress of exercise intervention on sarcopenia［J］.Chin J Clin Healthc，2024，27（2）：187-191.
66. 66.
    PARK E，CHOI H，TRUONG C S，et al.The inhibition of autophagy and pyroptosis by an ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaf contributes to the amelioration of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy［J］.Nutrients，2023，15（4）：804.
67. 67.
    YIN L，CHEN X，LI N，et al.Puerarin ameliorates skeletal muscle wasting and fiber type transformation in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats［J］.Biomed Pharmacother，2021，133：110977.
68. 68.
    KIM T Y，PARK K T，CHOUNG S Y.Codonopsis lanceolata and its active component tangshenoside Ⅰ ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy via regulating the PI3K/Akt and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways［J］.Phytomedicine，2022，100：154058.
69. 69.
    WANG D，CHEN W，BI Q，et al.Baoyuan Jiedu decoction alleviates cancer-induced myotube atrophy by regulating mitochondrial dynamics through p38 MAPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway［J］.Front Oncol，2020，10：523577.
70. 70.
    ZHOU Y W，LI X F，ZHANG C M.Research progress on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction-related molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia［J］.Pract Geriatr，2024，38（1）：72-76.
71. 71.
    XIANG L，JING J Z，LIANG Z，et al.A visual analysis on animal model of sarcopenia based on VOS viewer［J］.Lab Anim Comp Med，2023，43（4）：429-439
72. 72.
    LIAO Z Y，CHEN J L，XIAO M H，et al.The effect of exercise，resveratrol or their combination on sarcopenia in aged rats via regulation of AMPK/Sirt1 pathway［J］.Exp Gerontol，2017，98：177-183.
73. 73.
    LIU Y，XIE F，LU C，et al.Polydatin inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells through Akt-mediated p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways［J］.Gen Physiol Biophys，2023，42（6）：521-529.
74. 74.
    LANG S.Effect and mechanism of Astragalus saponins on primary sarcopenia induced by D-galactose［D］.Tianjin：Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine，2022.
75. 75.
    SUN X T，LI W，YU R，et al.The impact of acupressure therapy on the expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 factors in aging rats［J］.Chin J Gerontol，2018，38（15）：3754-3756.
76. 76.
    DEBATTISTI V，HORN A，SINGH R，et al.Dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake and sarcolemma repair underlie muscle weakness and wasting in patients and mice lacking MICU1［J］.Cell Rep，2019，29（5）：1274-1286.
77. 77.
    CHEN W，SHEN Z，DONG W，et al.Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide ameliorates skeletal muscle aging via mitochondria-associated membrane-mediated calcium homeostasis regulation［J］.Phytomedicine，2024，129：155567.
78. 78.
    WANG M Y，YANG J M，WU Y，et al.Curcumin-activated Wnt5a pathway mediates Ca²⁺ channel opening to affect myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle regeneration［J］.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle，2024，15（5）：1834-1849.
79. 79.
    WANG H H，ZHANG Y，QU T Q，et al.Nobiletin improves D-galactose-induced aging mice skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating protein homeostasis［J］.Nutrients，2023，15（8）：1801.
80. 80.
    PARK S H，OH J，JO M，et al.Water extract of lotus leaf alleviates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via regulating protein metabolism-related pathways in mice［J］.Molecules，2020，25（20）：4592.
81. 81.
    LEE H，KIM Y I，NIRMALA F S，et al.Chrysanthemum zawadskil herbich attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy through the regulation of proteostasis and mitochondrial function［J］.Biomed Pharmacother，2021，136：111226.
82. 82.
    SHEN S，LIAO Q，LIU J，et al.Myricanol rescues dexamethasone-induced muscle dysfunction via a sirtuin 1-dependent mechanism［J］. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle，2019，10（2）：429-444.
83. 83.
    OTSUKA Y，EGAWA K，KANZAKI N，et al.Quercetin glycosides prevent dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice［J］.Biochem Biophys Rep，2019，18：100618.
84. 84.
    YEON M，CHOI H，JUN H S.Preventive effects of schisandrin A，a bioactive component of Schisandra chinensis，on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy［J］.Nutrients，2020，12（5）：1255.
85. 85.
    FANG W Y，TSENG Y T，LEE T Y，et al.Triptolide prevents LPS-induced skeletal muscle atrophy via inhibiting NF-κB/TNF-α and regulating protein synthesis/degradation pathway［J］.Brit J Pharmacol，2021，178（15）：2998-3016.
86. 86.
    YANG H W，OH S，CHUNG D M，et al.Ishophloroglucin A，isolated from ishige okamurae，alleviates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy through muscle protein metabolism in vivo［J］.Mar Drugs，2022，20（5）：280.
87. 87.
    WAN X F，TANG C L，ZHAO D D，et al.Therapeutic effect of massage on denervated skeletal muscle atrophy in rats and its mechanism［J］.Chin J Appl Physiol，2019，35（3）：223-227，267，289.
88. 88.
    LIU X H，LUO X Y，LI W Q.Intervention effect and mechanism of electro-acupuncture on skeletal muscle atrophy model rats［J］.J Clin Acupunct Moxib，2020，36（9）：65-69.