References
- 1.CHINESE SOCIETY OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES.Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia[J].Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis,2006,29(10):651-655.
- 2.ALIBERTI S,DELA CRUZ C S,AMATI F,et al.Community-acquired pneumonia[J].Lancet,2021,398(10303):906-919.
- 3.FAN L,LU Y,WANG Y,et al.Respiratory MUC5B disproportion is involved in severe community-acquired pneumonia[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):90.
- 4.MILBRANDT E B,READE M C,LEE M,et al.Prevalence and significance of coagulation abnormalities in community-acquired pneumonia[J].Mol Med,2009,15(11/12):438-445.
- 5.VAUGHN V M,DICKSON R P,HOROWITZ J K,et al.Community-acquired pneumonia:A review[J].JAMA,2024,332(15):1282-1295.
- 6.YU X Q,XIE Y,LI J S.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (2018 revision)[J].J Tradit Chin Med,2019,60(4):350-360.
- 7.CAI H Z,HONG F P,JI L J,et al.Study on the connotation and application of 'healthy Qi was preserved inside,pathogenic factor can not intrude'[J].Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2015,30(4):987-989.
- 8.LUAN Z Y,WANG H X,PENG X,et al.Immunity-inflammation mechanism of viral pneumonia and traditional Chinese medicine treatment based on theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2025,31(2):239-247.
- 9.WU S T.Analysis on the characteristics of syndromes of endogenous toxin[J].Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med,2024,41(7):840-844.
- 10.SU W Q,DU Y W,WU S X.Origin analysis and research ideas for internal toxin pathogenesis theory[J].Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med,2024,51(9):33-36.
- 11.WU S T.Discussion on internal toxin[J].J Tradit Chin Med,2017,58(15):1265-1269.
- 12.AN N,SONG G H,SUN M M,et al.Treatment of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children based on "intrinsic deficiency and toxic accumulation"[J].J Chin Med,2025,40(4):768-772.
- 13.LI J S.Pathogenic heat injury lung based on pathogen accumulation and damage with aging:Main pathogenesis of elderly pneumonia[J].Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2011,26(6):1278-1281.
- 14.ELIAS C,NUNES M C,SAADATIAN-ELAHI M.Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in older adults:A narrative review[J].Curr Opin Infect Dis,2024,37(2):144-153.
- 15.RAMIREZ J A,MUSHER D M,EVANS S E,et al.Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised adults:A consensus statement regarding initial strategies[J].Chest,2020,158(5):1896-1911.
- 16.CEBULAR S,LEE S S,TOLANEY P,et al.Community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients:Opportunistic infections to consider in differential diagnosis[J].Postgrad Med,2003,113(1):65-74.
- 17.WU X J,SUN T,CAI Y,et al.Clinical characteristics and outcomes of immunocompromised patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia:A single-center retrospective cohort study[J].Front Public Health,2023,11:1070581.
- 18.LI J S,WANG M H.Strategies and practice of traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia based on stages and severity[J].J Tradit Chin Med,2024,65(16):1662-1666.
- 19.VAN DER POLL T,OPAL S M.Pathogenesis,treatment,and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia[J].Lancet,2009,374(9700):1543-1556.
- 20.BAILEY K L,KHARBANDA K K,KATAFIASZ D M,et al.Oxidative stress associated with aging activates protein kinase Cε,leading to Cilia slowing[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2018,315(5):L882-L890.
- 21.QIN Q Q,YU H Y,ZHAO J,et al.Machine learning-based derivation and validation of three immune phenotypes for risk stratification and prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia:A retrospective cohort study[J].Front Immunol,2024,15:1441838.
- 22.CHENG Z P,ZHU Q,CHEN J Y,et al.Analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of ARDS caused by community-acquired pneumonia in people with different immune status[J].Expert Rev Anti Inf Ther,2022,20(12):1643-1650.
- 23.DOELEMAN S E,REIJNDERS T D Y,JOOSTEN S C M,et al.Lymphopenia is associated with broad host response aberrations in community-acquired pneumonia[J].J Infect,2024,88(4):106131.
- 24.RUIZ L A,SERRANO L,PÉREZ S,et al.Impact of severe lymphopenia on the early prediction of clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia[J].Infection,2023,51(5):1319-1327.
- 25.LANKS C W,MUSANI A I,HSIA D W.Community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia[J].Med Clin North Am,2019,103(3):487-501.
- 26.LIU Y N,ZHANG Y F,XU Q,et al.Infection and co-infection patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in patients of different ages in China from 2009 to 2020:A national surveillance study[J].Lancet Microbe,2023,4(5):e330-e339.
- 27.RENDON A,RENDON-RAMIREZ E J,ROSAS-TARACO A G.Relevant cytokines in the management of community-acquired pneumonia[J].Curr Infect Dis Rep,2016,18(3):10.
- 28.BELLO S,MINCHOLÉ E,FANDOS S,et al.Inflammatory response in mixed viral-bacterial community-acquired pneumonia[J].BMC Pulm Med,2014,14(1):123.
- 29.GUO S R,MAO X H,LIANG M.The moderate predictive value of serial serum CRP and PCT levels for the prognosis of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia[J].Respir Res,2018,19(1):193.
- 30.HILL D B,BUTTON B,RUBINSTEIN M,et al.Physiology and pathophysiology of human airway mucus[J].Physiol Rev,2022,102(4):1757-1836.
- 31.FAHY J V,DICKEY B F.Airway mucus function and dysfunction[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(23):2233-2247.
- 32.KUEK L E,LEE R J.First contact:The role of respiratory Cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2020,319(4):L603-L619.
- 33.DICKEY B F,CHEN J C,PEEBLES R S.Airway mucus dysfunction in COVID-19[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2022,206(11):1304-1306.
- 34.WANG H,ZHANG Y L,ZHAO C S,et al.Serum IL-17A and IL-6 in paediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia:Implications for different endotypes[J].Emerg Microbes Infect,2024,13(1):2324078.
- 35.CANGEMI R,PIGNATELLI P,CARNEVALE R,et al.Low-grade endotoxemia,gut permeability and platelet activation in community-acquired pneumonia[J].J Infect,2016,73(2):107-114.
- 36.ANDERSON R,FELDMAN C.Review manuscript:Mechanisms of platelet activation by the pneumococcus and the role of platelets in community-acquired pneumonia[J].J Infect,2017,75(6):473-485.
- 37.VALERIANI E,CANGEMI R,CARNEVALE R,et al.Hypoalbuminemia as predictor of thrombotic events in patients with community-acquired pneumonia[J].Int J Cardiol,2024,404:131942.
- 38.KRYKHTINA M A,BIELOSLUDTSEVA K O,BOTVINIKOVA L A,et al.Lung vessels thrombosis in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia:Role of endothelial function,hemostasis,fibrinolysis and inflammation on different phases of treatment[J].Wiad Lek,2019,72(8):1463-1465.
- 39.AGAPAKIS D I,TSANTILAS D,PSARRIS P,et al.Coagulation and inflammation biomarkers may help predict the severity of community-acquired pneumonia[J].Respirology,2010,15(5):796-803.
- 40.CERDA-MANCILLAS M C,SANTIAGO-GERMÁN D,ANDRADE-BRAVO B,et al.D-dimer as a biomarker of severity and adverse outcomes in patients with community acquired pneumonia[J].Arch Med Res,2020,51(5):429-435.
- 41.LI Y T,ZHANG J,WANG M Z,et al.Changes in coagulation markers in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and their predictive value for Mycoplasma severity[J].Ital J Pediatr,2023,49(1):143.
- 42.WANG D M,ZHANG Y,LENG J C.Discussion on the application of traditional Chinese medicine righting therapy in the treatment of senile pneumonia[J].J Emerg Syndromes Tradit Chin Med,2012,21(9):1447-1448.
- 43.SHI Q,CHEN Z J,YANG J,et al.Review of biological activities:A plant of traditional Chinese tonic[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2024,332:118334.
- 44.NG S L,KHAW K Y,ONG Y S,et al.Licorice:A potential herb in overcoming SARS-CoV-2 infections[J].J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med,2021,26:2515690X21996662.
- 45.HU T T,YE M Y,ZHU J,et al.Exploration on the research progress of heat-clearing and detoxifying medicines in the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases based on lung-intestinal axis[J].Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res,2024,35(1):173-177.
- 46.XIONG X J.Connotation of Xiaochaihu decoction combined with Maxing Shigan decoction based on severe cases and modern pathophysiological mechanism and application for severe pulmonary infection and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in critical care medicine[J].China J Chin Mater Med,2023,48(10):2606-2612.
- 47.SONG Z,JIA G Y,WANG X,et al.Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of Yinqin Qingfei granules combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children with damp-toxin blocking lung syndrome[J].Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2024,39(5):2662-2667.
- 48.YANG R H,LYU W L,ZENG J Q,et al.Analysis of damp toxin epidemic diseases theory based on the literature of Ming and Qing dynasties[J].Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2022,37(7):3683-3686.
- 49.WANG Y Y,ZHANG W,LI Y X,et al.Application and regularity analysis of prescription for invigorating Qi and promoting blood circulation in pneumonia treatment[J].J Tianjin Univ Tradit Chin Med,2021,40(4):524-532.
- 50.FENG J H,LIU N F,YANG S,et al.Clinical efficacy of Fuzheng Jiedu therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia based on "real world"[J].Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res,2020,31(1):121-124.
- 51.WU Z S,CHEN X S,NIU J,et al.Clinical observation on Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu granules for 38 elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia[J].J Tradit Chin Med,2012,53(7):578-580.
- 52.LU H M,REN M X,ZHANG L W,et al.Fuzheng Jiedu prescription treated 40 cases of viral pneumonia in children[J].Glob Tradit Chin Med,2020,13(4):741-743.
- 53.YANG S,WEN X H,LIU E S,et al.Influence of Fuzheng Jiedu decoction on inflammatory cytokines and immune function in streptococcus pnenmonia rats[J].J Emerg Syndromes Tradit Chin Med,2014,23(3):377-379.
- 54.LI M F,QI H Y,FENG J H,et al.Regulation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway and anti-oxidative stress effect of Fuzheng Jiedu therapy on pneumonia model rats[J].Shaanxi J Tradit Chin Med,2017,38(5):674-676.
- 55.WANG Y T,WANG C X,ZHAO S T,et al.Intervention of Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu formula on serum immune inflammatory cytokines in MDRPA-infected rats[J].J Shandong Univ Tradit Chin Med,2021,45(3):380-383.
- 56.LI Y X,YAN J,KONG L B,et al.Study on the mechanism of regulating Th17/Treg balance by Fuzheng Touxie Jiedu decoction to improve lung injury in rats with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia[J].J Beijing Univ Tradit Chin Med,2024,47(12):1681-1692.
- 57.HUANG H M,YANG H H,ZHANG Z R,et al.Synergistic therapeutic effects and immunoregulatory mechanism of Maxing Shigan decoction combined with Sijunzi decoction on viral pneumonia in mice[J].Can J Inf Dis Med Microbiol,2024,2024:2017992.
- 58.ZHUANG L Y,ZHANG G J,CUI Y L,et al.Intervention effects of Sanren decoction on immune function of model mice with virus pneumonia of dampness-heat syndrome[J].J Shandong Univ Tradit Chin Med,2019,43(5):508-512.
- 59.XIA Z D,LI G F,ZHAI Y F,et al.Immunomodulatory effects and multi-omics analysis of Codonopsis pilosula extract in septic rats[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2025,337(Pt 2):118847.
- 60.KO H M,LEE S H,JEE W,et al.Gancaonin N from Glycyrrhiza uralensis attenuates the inflammatory response by downregulating the NF-κB/MAPK pathway on an acute pneumonia in vitro model[J].Pharmaceutics,2021,13(7):1028.
- 61.WANG X Y,XIE Y J,BAYOUDE A,et al.Discovering the Q-marker of Scutellaria baicalensis against viral pneumonia integrated chemical profile identification,pharmacokinetic,metabolomics and network pharmacology[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2025,340:119232.
- 62.SHEN B Y,ZHANG H Q,ZHU Z J,et al.Baicalin relieves LPS-induced lung inflammation via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways[J].Molecules,2023,28(4):1873.
- 63.WU J,ZHANG Y Y,GUO L,et al.Bupleurum polysaccharides attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via modulating toll-like receptor 4 signaling[J].PLoS One,2013,8(10):e78051.
- 64.KANG Y,GAO Y,LI X M,et al.Bupleurum chinense exerts a mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced pyrexia rats involving inhibition of peripheral TNF-α production[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,310:116375.
- 65.CHENG M,ZHANG Y N,YAN J,et al.Inhibiting virus replication and excessive inflammatory response:Mechanism of combined prescription of Ma-Xing-Shi-Gan decoction and Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction against influenza virus[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,313:116481.
- 66.HUO Y J,CHEN J L,ZOU W W,et al.Experimental study on in vitro anti-influenza virus of Xiaochaihu decoction containing serum[J].Chin Tradit Pat Med,2023,45(9):3077-3080.
- 67.JI X M,ZHUANG L Y,CUI Y L,et al.Effect of Sanren decoction target on damp heat syndrome of virus pneumonia in mice model[J].Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med,2019,37(6):1287-1289,1537-1538.
- 68.KIM T Y,JEON S,KO M,et al.Lancemaside a from Codonopsis lanceolata:Studies on antiviral activity and mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2022,66(12):e0120122.
- 69.LI Z Y,DONG M Y,CHEN Z N,et al.Combining virus-based affinity ultrafiltration method with serum pharmacochemistry to identify the antiviral pharmacodynamic substances in licorice[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2025,338(Pt 1):118978.
- 70.YI Y,LI J H,LAI X Y,et al.Natural triterpenoids from licorice potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection[J].J Adv Res,2022,36:201.
- 71.LI R,WANG L X.Baicalin inhibits influenza virus A replication via activation of type Ⅰ IFN signaling by reducing miR‑146a[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,20(6):5041-5049.
- 72.QIN S,HUANG X Z,QU S G.Baicalin induces a potent innate immune response to inhibit respiratory syncytial virus replication via regulating viral non-structural 1 and matrix RNA[J].Front Immunol,2022,13:907047.
- 73.GU K,DING L Z,WANG Z T,et al.Wogonin attenuates the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae by double-target inhibition of Pneumolysin and Sortase A[J].J Cell Mol Med,2023,27(4):563-575.
- 74.ZHANG H T,LUAN Y X,JING S S,et al.Baicalein mediates protection against Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the coagulase activity of vWbp[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2020,178:114024.
- 75.CHEN J L,WU J C,YU Z H,et al.Beimu Gualou powder inhibits MUC5AC expression and improves airway mucus hypersecretion induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice[J].Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res,2022,33(9):2125-2127.
- 76.ZHANG Y,ZHANG C L,LIU Y,et al.Effects of baicalin on expression of mucin 5AC and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in airway epithelium through NF-κB signaling pathway[J].J Army Med Univ,2022,44(5):441-447.
- 77.LIU G X,WANG C X,XU H R,et al.Therapeutical effects of Polygonum cuspidatum on lung injury in mice infected with influenza a virus FM1[J].J Emerg Syndromes Tradit Chin Med,2021,30(8):1355-1360.
- 78.PENG S H.Treating infantile pneumonia from blood stasis[J].J Pediatr Tradit Chin Med,2006,2(4):47-49.
- 79.ZHANG J,ZHANG H.Treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children from "stasis"[J].Mod Chin Med,2017,37(6):114-116.
- 80.TIAN X X,CHANG L Y,MA G Y,et al.Delineation of platelet activation pathway of scutellarein revealed its intracellular target as protein kinase C[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2016,39(2):181-191.
- 81.ZHANG Y,XIN G,ZHOU Q L,et al.Elucidating the distinctive regulatory effects and mechanisms of active compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge via network pharmacology:Unveiling their roles in the modulation of platelet activation and thrombus formation[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2024,484:116871.
- 82.WEI G Y,XU X Q,TONG H,et al.Salidroside inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation through Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway[J].Aging,2020,12(9):8151-8166.
- 83.WEI B Y,SUN C T,WAN H T,et al.Bioactive components and molecular mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,317:116697.


