Abstract:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease with a high morbidity, disability and mortality. At the same time, COPD is always accompanied by pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic pulmonary heart disease, right heart failure and other common serious complications. All of these cause serious financial burden for the family of patients. Airway remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. It is the progressive development of airflow restriction that induces the main symptoms of COPD, such as cough, asthma and depression. Therefore, it is of great research value to explore the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the development of COPD by alleviating airway remodeling. Studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways can induce progressive airway remodeling, and the therapeutic effect of TCM has been frequently confirmed by experimental studies. TCM often has a therapeutic effect on COPD through multi-target and multi-channel mediation. This paper mainly includes five signaling pathways that traditional Chinese medicine can intervene COPD airway remodeling, namely matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1/Smads, RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/b-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of these five signaling pathways, and discusses other signaling pathways that may be involved, in order to provide reference and ideas for future experimental research.
Keywords:traditional Chinese medicine;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;airway remodeling;signaling pathway;research progress
Abstract:Erchentang originated from Taiping Huimin Heji Ju Fang written in the Northern Song Dynasty, is recognized as the ancestor prescription of expectorant in past dynasties. The prescription is rigorous and well-matched, which can regulate Qi and expectorate phlegm. It has a definite curative effect on phlegm-drinking syndrome and related diseases. In recent years, the research on the mechanism of action has expanded and deepened. According to the collected data, in recent years, the research on Erchentang is mostly related to the treatment of respiratory diseases. Even other diseases of the system are often treated from the lung through the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, which provides a new way of thinking for the treatment of diseases. Most of the studies on Erchentang are flavored or combined prescriptions of Erchentang. Based on this, through the collection of research data, it is found that the reasons for this characteristic are related to the medication rules of doctors in past dynasties. Pharmacological research has become a hot topic, often involving multiple signal transduction pathways, to explore the multi-target therapeutic effect of Erchentang. Pharmacological research is also focused on the treatment of respiratory diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the research content is particularly detailed. This paper will briefly summarize the research progress of Erchentang from the aspects of literature research, clinical research and pharmacological research. The latest literature research is helpful to understand the meaning of Erchentang, and many researchers have clarified the mechanism of Erchentang in vivo through the latest detection technology.
Abstract:Objective:To observe the effect of modified Erchentang on GATA-binding protein-3(GATA3) and T-box expressed in T cells(T-bet) in lung tissue of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Method:Seventy SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, namely normal group, model group, low, medium and high-dose modified Erchentang group(5, 10, 20 g·kg-1), Xiaokechuan group(5 g·kg-1) and Erchentang group(5 g·kg-1), with 10 in each group. The rat model of COPD was established by smoking combined with intratracheal dripping of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After successful modeling, the treatment group was given intragastric administration, and the normal group and the model group were given intragastric administration of equal volume of saline. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in rat serum. The expressions of GATA3 and T-bet were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). The expressions of GATA3 and T-bet in lung tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).Result:Compared with the control group, the serum levels of IL-10 in the model group was significantly decreased, while the IL-12 level was significantly increased (P<0.01). The protein and gene expressions of GATA3 in lung tissue were significantly decreased, whereas the expression of T-bet was significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the serum level of IL-10 in each treatment group was increased to varying degrees, while the level of IL-12 was decreased to varying degrees (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of GATA3 in lung tissue of rats in each treatment group were increased significantly, while T-bet was inhibited (P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified Erchentang may reduce the inflammation of lung tissue and improve lung function in COPD rats by reducing IL-12, increasing the content of IL-10, inhibiting the protein and gene expressions of T-bet, and stimulating the protein and gene expressions of GATA3.
Keywords:Erchentang;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;GATA-binding protein-3(GATA3);T-box expressed in T cells(T-bet);interleukin-10;interleukin-12
Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of modified Erchentang on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein and gene expressions in lung tissue of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rat model, and the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in serum, lung homogenate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Method:Seventy SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal group, model group, high, medium and low-dose modified Erchentang groups (40, 20, 10 g·kg-1·d-1), Xiaokechuan group (5 g·kg-1·d-1), and Erchentang group (5 g·kg-1·d-1). The rat COPD model was established through smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After successful modeling, the treatment group was given drug by gavage, while the normal group and the model group were given the same amount of saline. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in serum, lung homogenate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of PPARγ in lung tissue.Result:Compared with the normal group, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, lung homogenate and BALF of the model group rats increased significantly (P<0.01), while IL-10 decreased significantly (P<0.01). The expressions of PPARγ mRNA in lung tissue of rats in model group were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the expression of PPARγ protein was significantly inhibited(P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, lung homogenate and BALF of each treatment group decreased to varying degrees(P<0.01), while IL-10 increased to varying degrees. The excitation of IL-10 and the inhibition of IL-6 and TNF-α in the middle-dose Erchentang group were particularly significant. The PPARγ mRNA and protein expressions in lung tissue of rats in each treatment group were increased to varying degrees (P<0.01).Conclusion:Modified Erchentang may improve pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary function in COPD rats by increasing the expression of PPARγ and the content of IL-10 and decreasing the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α.
Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of modified Erchentang on the signal pathway of β2 adrenergicreceptor(β2AR)/arrestin beta 2(β-arrestin2) in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the expression of interleukin-17(IL-17) in serum, lung homogenate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Method:Seventy SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal group, model group, modified Erchentang with high, medium and low doses (40, 20, 10 g·kg-1·d-1), Xiaokechuan group (5 g·kg-1·d-1), modified Erchentang group (5 g·kg-1·d-1), 10 rats in each group. The rat model of COPD was established by smoking and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheal drip. After successful modeling, the treatment group was given intragastric administration, while the normal group and the model group were given the same amount of saline. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of IL-17 in serum, lung homogenate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the expression of β2AR gene. Western blot was used to detect the expression of β2AR protein in lung tissue. The expression of β2AR and β-arrestin2 in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.Result:Compared with the normal group, the expression of β2AR protein in lung tissue of model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01). Compared with model group, the expression of β2AR protein in lung tissue was significantly increased(P<0.01), and the middle dose group of modified Erchentang was different from other groups (P<0.05). Compared with normal group, the expression of β2AR in model group was significantly lower(P<0.01), compared with model group, the expression of β2AR in high, medium and low dose group, Xiaokechuan group and modified Erchentang group was significantly higher(P<0.01). The middle dosage group of modified Erchentang was significantly higher than other groups(P<0.01). Compared with normal group, the serum level of IL-17 in the model group was significantly higher(P<0.01). Compared with model group, the serum level of IL-17 in each group was inhibited to a certain extent, especially in the middle dose group of modified Erchentang (P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified Erchentang may increase the expression of β2AR and β-arrestin2 and decrease the content of IL-17 in order to resist inflammation and improve pulmonary function in COPD rats.
Abstract:Objective:To observe the effect of modified Erchentang on the expression of interleukin-19 (IL-19), interleukin-20 (IL-20)and their receptor IL-20R1 , IL-20R2 in bronchioles of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to explore the molecular mechanism of modified Erchentang on anti-inflammatory of COPD.Method:The model of rat with COPD was established by cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experimental rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal group, model group, modified Erchentang high, medium and low dose group, and Jizhitangjiang group. Normal group and model group fed with normal saline 4 mL·d-1, modified Erchentang high, middle, low dosage group(20, 10, 5 g·kg-1·d-1). The dosage of Jizhitangjiang group was 12 g·kg-1·d-1, all groups were given intragastric administration for 14 days, twice a day. To observe the general situation of rats.To evaluate the pulmonary function of rats. To detect the contents of IL-10, IL-19 and IL-20 in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To observe the pathological changes of bronchiole tissue by light microscopy.To detect the expression of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 in bronchiole tissue by immunohistochemistry.Result:Compared with normal group, peak expiratory flow(PEF), forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC in model group were significantly increased (P<0.05), the content of IL-19, IL-20 in serum significantly increased(P<0.05), the content of IL-10 in serum was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the expression of IL-20R1 and in bronchioles tissue significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the PEF, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC of Jizhitangjiang group, modified Erchentang high, medium and low dosage group were significantly increased(P<0.05). The content of IL-19, IL-20 in serum significantly decreased(P<0.05), the content of IL-10 in serum was significantly increased (P<0.05), the expression of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 in bronchioles tissue was significantly decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified Erchentang can improve the lung function and protect the tissue structure of bronchioles in COPD rats, which may be related to the inhibition of the expression of IL-19, IL-20 and their receptor IL-20R1, IL-20R2 in bronchioles of rats with modified Erchentang.
Abstract:Objective:To observe the effects of Erchen on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor R2 (VEGFR2), interleukin (IL)-4 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Method:The 50 SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, 10 rats in each group, which were normal group, model group, Erchentang low, medium and high dose group (10, 20, 40 g·kg-1·d-1). COPD rat model was established by smoking combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheal drip. After successful modeling, the treatment group was given intragastric administration, and the normal group and the model group were given intragastric distilled water of equal volume. The pathological changes of pulmonary vessels in rats were observed by light microscopy, and the thickness of pulmonary vascular wall was measured. The concentration of IL-4 in rat serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung homogenate was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the expression of ET-1 and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of VEGF, VEGFR2 and ET-1 in lung tissue.Result:Compared with normal group, the concentration of IL-4 in serum, BALF and lung homogenate of model group rats decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the concentration of IL-4 in low, medium and high dose Erchentang group increased in varying degrees (P<0.05). Compared with normal group, the expression of ET-1 in lung tissue of model group was significantly increased (P<0.05) .C ompared with model group, the expression of ET-1 in lung tissue of low, medium and high dose Erchentang group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with normal group, the expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, ET-1 protein in the lung tissue of model group increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the expression of VEGF, VEGFR2 and ET-1 protein in the low, medium and high dose Erchentang group decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion:Modified Erchentang can alleviate the process of pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling in COPD rats, and slow down the progress of COPD and its complications by increasing the content of IL-4, inhibiting the expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, ET-1.
Abstract:Objective:To observe the effect of modified Erchentang on the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-18(IL-18)and chemokine8 (CXCL8) in lung tissue of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in order to explore the molecular mechanism of modified Erchentang against inflammation of COPD.Method:Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) group and modified Erchentang group. The COPD model of rats was prepared by using cigarette smoke and dripping with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). During the modeling period (from the 1st to the 30th day), the MCC950 group received a single intraperitoneal injection with 60 mg·kg-1 on the first day of the experiment, and the modified Erchentang group was given intragastric administration with 10 g·kg-1, once every 2 days. From the 31st to the 45th day, the MCC950 group was intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg·kg-1, once every 2 days, the modified Erchentang group was given intragastric administration with 10 g·kg-1, twice a day, and the normal group and the model group received normal saline (NS) with 10 g·kg-1, twice a day. The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-18(IL-18) and chemokine8 (CXCL8) in rats lung tissue homogenate were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) mRNA in PBMCs were measured by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (Real-time PCR). Western blot was used to detect the levels of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 proteins in PBMCs. Immunohistochemical(IHC)method was used to detect the expressions of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 proteins in lung tissues.Result:The expressions of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 mRNA and protein were increased significantly (P<0.01) in model group compared with normal group. Compared with model group, the expressions of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 mRNA and protein were decreased significantly in PBMCs (P<0.05, P<0.01) of modified Erchentang group. The levels of IL-18, IL-1β and CXCL8 in lung tissue homogenate in model group were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, compared with model group, the levels of IL-18, IL-1β and CXCL8 were decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) in modified Erchentang group.Conclusion:NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the inflammatory response in COPD rats. Modified Erchentang may inhibit the inflammatory response of COPD effectively. The mechanism may be correlated with the reduction of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 gene expressions, and the inhibition of the release of IL-18, IL-1β and CXCL8.
Keywords:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD);Erchentang;Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome;interleukin-1β(IL-1β);interleukin-18(IL-18)
Abstract:Objective:To study the effect of modified Erchentang on expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) genes in the lung tissue homogenate of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Method:Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, modified Erchentang group and EVP4593 (NF-κB inhibitor) group. Rat COPD models were prepared through cigarette smoke and tracheal dripping with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After the modeling, normal and model groups were intragastrically given normal saline solution, EVP4593 group was given EVP4593(1 mg·kg-1) through subcutaneous injection, and modified Erchentang group was given corresponding herbal drugs intragastrically (10 g·kg-1) for 14 days. The levels of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1), chemokines CXCL-2, CXCL-3 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in rats serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in rats serum. The expressions of Toll-like receptors 4(TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) mRNA were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (Real-time PCR) method. Western blot were used to detect the levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 protein. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to detect the localization and expressions of TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 protein in the lung tissue.Result:The mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 were increased significantly (P<0.01) in model group compared with normal group. The levels of HMGB1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3 and MCP-1 in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). Compared with model group, expressions of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in modified Erchentang.Conclusion:Modified Erchentang may inhibit the inflammatory response of COPD effectively. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the expressions of the signal molecule genes involved in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and the reduction of the release of HMGB1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3 and MCP-1.
Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of Buzhong Yiqi Tang on cisplatin resistance tumor cells A549/DDP in nude mice with lung adenocarcinoma, and determine the optimal concentration.Method:The 36 BALB/C nude mice were randomly divided into no-load group, model group, cisplatin group, low-dose Buzhong Yiqi Tang group (1.46 g·kg-1), medium-dose Buzhong Yiqi Tang group (2.92 g·kg-1) and high-dose Buzhong Yiqi Tang group (5.84 g·kg-1). The no-load group was inoculated with A549/DDP cells transfected by uninfected lentiviral transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and the other groups were inoculated with TGF-β1 over-expression A549/DDP cells. After the intervention, the nude mice were put to death. The tumors of mice were weighed, and the inhibition rate was calculated, liver, spleen and lung metastases of tumors were counted under microscope, and pathological observation was made for lung histomorphological changes. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and Real-time polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR) were used to detect the expressions of lung resistance-related protein (LRP), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in transplantation tumor.Result:Compared with the model group, the weight of tumors and the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules decreased in the Buzhong Yiqi Tang intervention group. With the increase of the dosage of Buzhong Yiqi Tang, the weight of tumors gradually decreased, while the inhibition rate increased. The effect of the high-dose group was the most significant (P<0.05). No obvious metastatic nodule was found in liver and spleen. Pathological sections showed that the structure of lungs in the model group was disordered with obvious lung injury. The morphology of alveoli, alveolar sac and pulmonary septum gradually recovered in the Buzhong Yiqi Tang group, and the effect of the high-dose group was the most obvious. Compared with the no-load group, the expressions of LRP, MRP, P-gp protein and mRNA in the model group was up-regulated (P<0.05). compared with the model group and the cisplatin group, the expressions of LRP, MRP, P-gp protein and mRNA in middle-dose and high-dose Buzhong Yiqi Tang groups were down-regulated significantly (P<0.05), effect of the high-dose group was the most significant.Conclusion:Buzhong Yiqi Tang can inhibit the growth and metastasis of transplanted tumors, alleviate lung injury and improve the drug resistance of A549/DDP to cisplatin, with a certain dose-effect relationship. High-dose concentration (5.84 g·kg-1) was the best concentration in nude mice.
Abstract:Objective:To observe the growth inhibition effect of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide on the gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice and the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) in tumor tissues.Method:The nude mice xenograft model was established and randomly divided into model group, 5-fluorouracil group (5-FU, 0.01 g·kg-1), high and low-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide groups (0.2, 0.1 g·kg-1). Each group was given drug by gavage for 15 days. The effect of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide on the weight of gastric cancer in nude mice was observed. Morphological changes of tumor cells were observed under light microscope. The content of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein and mRNA expressions of MMP-2, MMP-14 in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and Real-time PCR.Result:The tumor inhibition rates of high and low-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharides were 52.83%, 40.57%, respectively. Compared with model group, the tumor weight of high and low-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide was significantly lower (P<0.01), indicating the inhibitory effect on the growth of transplanted tumors. ELISA showed that compared with model group, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide could significantly reduce serum TGF-β1 content in nude mice (P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed that compared with model group, MMP-2 protein was down-regulated in high and low-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide groups (P<0.05, P<0.01), and MMP-14 protein expression was decreased (P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-14 were down-regulated in high and low-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide groups compared with model group (P<0.01). Real-time PCR results showed that compared with model group, expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-14 mRNA in high-dose Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide group decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01).Conclusion:Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide can inhibit the growth of gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice and the expression of TGF-β1.The anti-tumor mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of MMP-2, MMP-14 protein and mRNA expressions.
Keywords:Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata polysaccharide;nude mouse;gastric cancer xenograft;matrix metalloproteinase
Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of Chaishao Shugan Lidan Paishitang on inflammation, stress response and gastrointestinal function in gallstones patients with chronic cholecystitis.Method:Gallstones patients with chronic cholecystitis treated in our hospital from March 2017 to May 2018 were randomly divided into two groups, with 65 cases in each group. The control group was orally given ursodeoxycholic acid combined with metronidazole. In addition to the therapy of the control group, the Observation group was also given Chaishao Shugan Lidan Paishitang. Traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), superoxide disproportionation alcohol (SOD), propylene glycol (MDA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), gastric dynamic element (MOT), gastrin-releasing (GAS) and somatostatin (SS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and total bile acid (associates), and total cholesterol (TC) levels before and after treatment were observed in two groups, and the curative effect, reactions and relapse were also observed.Result:The inflammatory effect, stone ablation effect and clinical effect of observation group were significantly better than those of control group (Z =2.329, P<0.05; Z=2.686, P<0.05; Z=2.940, P<0.05). The scores of right upper abdominal dull pain, abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting, and pale red tongue in the observation group after treatment were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The levels of ALT, AST, TC, TNF-α, hs-CRP, IL-6, CEA, CA19-9, SS and MDA in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05), while the levels of MOT, GAS and SOD in the observation group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The recurrence rates of observation group and control group were 3.17%(2/63) and 14.29%(9/63), respectively, with statistically significant difference between two groups (χ2=5.140, P<0.05).Conclusion:The treatment of gallstones patients with chronic cholecystitis by Chaishao Shugan Lidan Paishitang has a good curative effect, and can alleviate clinical symptoms, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation, improve liver and bile functions and gastrointestinal function, and reduce the recurrence rate.
Keywords:gallstones;chronic cholecystitis;Chaishao Shugan Lidan Paishitang;inflammation;stress response;gastrointestinal function
Abstract:Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of kidney tonifying and essence strengthening method in delaying physiological vascular aging.Method:Sixty-two subjects who completed the study were randomly divided into experimental group (31 cases) and control group (31 cases) with the matching research method. The experimental group was treated with kidney tonifying and essence strengthening recipe orally for 24 weeks, while the control group was not interfered with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Score of TCM syndrome in kidney deficiency syndrome, pulse wave velocity, intima-media thickness, plasma homocysteine level and serum superoxide dismutase level were evaluated before and after treatment.Result:Compared with before treatment period, the score of TCM syndrome in kidney deficiency syndrome, pulse wave velocity and plasma homocystenine level decreased, while the serum superoxide dismutase level increased in the experimental group after treatment (P<0.01). The score of TCM syndrome in kidney deficiency syndrome, pulse wave velocity, intima-media thickness and plasma homocysteine level increased, while the serum superoxide dismutase level decreased in control group after treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01). After treatment, the score of TCM syndrome in kidney deficiency syndrome in experimental group was lower than that in control group (P<0.01), and the serum superoxide dismutase level in experimental group was higher than that in control group (P<0.01).Conclusion:The kidney tonifying and essence strengthening method may delay the aging of physiological blood vessels caused by aging.
Keywords:senility;vascular aging;traditional Chinese medicine;kidney tonifying and essence strengthening method
Abstract:Objective:To study the clinical efficacy of modified Zhenwutang combined with Zhengji technique on cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome caused by knee osteoarthritis (KOA) at episode and the effect on inflammatory factors of joint fluid.Method:One hundred and forty-eight patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group by random number table. Patients in control group got celecoxib capsules, 0.2 g/time, 1 time/day, and Zhengji technique with lumbar positioning oblique pulling and finger pressing for 12 times, 1 time for every two days, 3 times/week. Patients in observation group got modified Zhenwutang, 1 dose/day, and the same Zhengji technique. The course of treatment was 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), pain and swelling, index of severity of osteoarthritis (ISOA), local signs of knee joint and cold-dampness obstruction syndrome were scored, and the score of quality of life were discussed by arthritis impact measurement scale 2 (AIMS2-SF). And levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were detected.Result:The clinical efficacy in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=2.131, P<0.05). Scores of pain from WOMAC scale, stiff, joint function and the total score of WOMAC were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), and scores of pain (walking pain, resting pain, tenderness), degree of swelling, ISOA, cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome and local signs of knee joint were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). And physical, symptoms, impact, social and work factor scores, the total scores of AIMS2-SF scale, IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, SP and CGRP were higher than those in control group (P<0.01).Conclusion:Modified Zhenwutang combined with Zhengji technique can relieve clinical symptoms of patients with cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome caused by knee osteoarthritis (KOA) at episode, ameliorate joint function to improve patients' quality of life, reduce the expression of proinflammatory factors and neuropeptides in synovial fluid, so as to inhibit the inflammatory response and controlling clinical symptoms.
Keywords:knee osteoarthritis;attack period;cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome;modified Zhenwutang;chiropractic manipulation;inflammatory factor;quality of life
Abstract:Objective:To discuss the efficacy of Erzhu Erchentang on major cardiovascular risk factors caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)with phlegm turbidity and blood stasis syndrome, and its anti-inflammatory effect.Method:One hundred and forty-two patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group by random number table. Patients in control group got insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs for controlling blood sugar, aspirin enteric-coated tablets, 100 mg/time, 1 time/day, telmisartan tablets, 40 mg/time, 1 time/day, atorvastatin, 10 mg/time, 1 time/day, and non-drug interventions. In addition to the therapy of control group, patients in observation group were also given modified Erzhu Erchentang, 1 dose/day, 5 times/week. The course of treatment was 24 weeks. And a 24-week follow-up was recorded. And levels of fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HLD-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were detected. And the occurrence of major cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events and peripheral vascular events were recorded. Before and after treatment, levels of body mass index (BMI), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), framingham risk (FRS) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. And procalcitonin (PCT), homocysteine (Hcy), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cystatin C (CysC) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were measured.Result:After treatment, levels of 2 hPG, HbA1c, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, IMT and BMI in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05), while level of HDL-C was higher than that in control group (P<0.05). During 48 hours of observation, the incidence of major cardiovascular events in observation group was 9.23%, which was lower than 23.44% in control group (χ2=4.775, P<0.05). The cumulative incidence of major endpoint events in observation group was 20%, which was lower than 39.06% in control group (χ2=5.639, P<0.05). According to rank sum test, cardiovascular risk in observation group was lighter than that in control group (Z=2.165, P<0.05). And levels of hs-CRP, PCT, Hcy, CysC and MMP-9 were all lower than those in control group (P<0.01).Conclusion:In addition to the comprehensive therapy of conventional western medicine, modified Erzhu Erchentang can increase the reduce serum inflammatory factors and control the high risk factors of cardiovascular disease of patients with T2DM, so as to reduce the major cardiovascular events.
Abstract:Objective:To investigate transport mechanism of cyperotundone in Caco-2 cell model and provide experimental basis for clinical application of Cyperi Rhizoma.Method:The toxicity of cyperotundone with different concentrations to Caco-2 cells was investigated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetry, in order to determine the concentration of administration in transport test. The content of cyperotundone was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and cumulative transport capacity as indexes. The chromatographic conditions were as following: mobile phase of acetonitrile (A)-water (B) for gradient elution (0-1.5 min, 35%A; 1.5-2 min, 35%-90%A; 2-4 min, 90%A; 4-4.1, 90%-35%A; 4.1-8 min, 35%A), the flow rate at 0.3 mL·min-1, injection volume of 1 μL, and temperature of column at 30 ℃. The mass spectrometric conditions was electrospray ionization (ESI) and positive ion mode, the detection ions of cyperotundone and osthole (internal standard substance) were m/z 219.2-110.9 and m/z 245.0-189.0, respectively. Effect of concentration of cyperotundone, administration time, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor on the transmembrane transport of cyperotundone on in vitro cell model were investigated.Result:Cyperotundone didn't have significant toxicity to Caco-2 cells at 3-90 mg·L-1 after incubation for 4 h. The transportion of cyperotundone in Caco-2 cell model was related to the concentration and time to a certain extent, its Papp was higher than 1×10-6 cm·s-1, which indicated that absorption of cyperotundone was good, the efflux rate (ER) of cyperotundone was 0.5-1.5.There was no significant difference in bidirectional Papp of cyperotundone after the addition of cell bypass transport inhibitor (EDTA) and P-gp transport inhibitor (verapamil).Conclusion:The transport mechanism of cyperotundone in Caco-2 cell model is mainly passive diffusion, and cell bypass transport and P-gp are not involved in its transport.
Abstract:Objective:To elucidate the effect of sulfur fumigation on the content of chemical composition and quality of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, and to discuss the identification method of sulfur fumigated Panacis Quinquefolii Radix.Method:The content changes of ginsenoside Rb1, Re, Rg1 in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix were determined by HPLC-DAD before and after sulfur fumigation. The content changes of 11 inorganic elements in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix before and after sulfur fumigation were detected by microwave digestion method and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The quality difference of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix before and after sulfur fumigation was qualitatively distinguished combined with the principal component analysis.Result:Three ginsenosides were well separated and showed good linearity with R2≥0.999.Before sulfur fumigation, the contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix were (0.897±0.045), (13.092±0.639), (12.896±0.430) g·kg-1, respectively. After sulfur fumigation, the contents of these three components in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix were (0.807±0.032), (11.968±0.627), (11.752±0.696) g·kg-1, respectively. After fumigation, the contents of inorganic elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb and Fe) from Panacis Quinquefolii Radix increased in varying degrees. According to the distribution results of three-dimensional (3D) scattered points, sulfur and non-sulfur fumigation products of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix could be effectively distinguished.Conclusion:After sulfur fumigation, the contents of ginsenoside Re and Rb1 in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix decrease significantly, but the contents of 11 inorganic elements increase, suggesting that sulfur fumigation may have a great influence on the quality of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix.
Keywords:sulfur fumigation;Panacis Quinquefolii Radix;inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry;ginsenosides;inorganic elements;principal component analysis;microwave digestion method
Abstract:Objective:To explore the structure and reaction sites of the reaction products of chlorogenic acid and sodium sulfite, and the chemical changes of chlorogenic acid in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos after sulfur fumigating.Method:Chlorogenic acid was reacted with sodium sulfite under mild conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight (LC-MS-IT-TOF) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) detection techniques were used to detect the reaction products, and the sulfur-fumigated and unsulfurized Lonicerae Japonicae Flos water extract was detected by LC-MS-IT-TOF.Result:After analyzing the mass spectrometry data of fragment ion, molecular cleavage and accurate molecular weight, according to the results of nuclear magnetic signals of chemical shift, peak intensity and peak splitting, the products of chlorogenic acid and sodium sulfite were preliminarily identified as chlorogenic acid α, β-unsaturated carbonyl addition product: 3-((3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfopropyl)oxy)-1, 4, 5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid or 3-((3-(3, 4-dihy droxyphenyl)-3-sulfopropyl)oxy)-1, 4, 5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, and the same characteristic fragments were detected as the addition product in the sulfur fumigated Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, but not found in the unsulfurized.Conclusion:It is the first time to demonstrate the structure and reaction sites of chlorogenic acid and sulfurous acid reaction products, and detect the chlorogenic acid sulfite addition product in sulfur-fumigated Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Although it is still unclear how the sulfite addition compound produced by sulphur Lonicerae Japonicae Flos affects the efficacy and toxicological activity of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, we shall still pay attention to the changes of active ingredients in sulphuric medicinal materials. Besides, this study can also provide reference for the studies of chemical composition changes after sulfuration of traditional Chinese medicine containing α, β-unsaturated carbonyl structure.
Abstract:The chemical constituents from 95% ethanol extract of Dendropanax proteus rhizomes and their anti-inflammatory activities were investigated. These compounds in 95% ethanol extract of D. proteus rhizomes were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography, preparative liquid chromatography, etc. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectral data and physicochemical properties. All the compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide production in the murine microglia BV2 cell line. Nine compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract of D. proteus rhizomes, and identified as (-)-syringaresinol (1), (+ )-(7S, 8S)-1′, 4-dihydroxy-3, 3′, 5′-trimethoxy-7′, 8, 9′-trinor-8, 4′-oxyneoligna-7, 9-diol (2), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4′-coniferyl ether (3), threo-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4′-coniferyl ether (4), coniferyl alcohol (5), 7-O-ethylguaiacylglycerol (6), vanillin (7), syringaldehyde (8), and excoecanol B (9). Compounds 2and 4showed neuritis inhibitory activity against microglial inflammation factor, their half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 5.85, 7.29 μmol·L-1, respectively. Compounds 1-6, 8-9 are isolated from this plant for the first time, compounds 2and 4exhibit the potent inhibitory activity.
Keywords:Dendropanax proteus rhizomes;95% ethanol extract;isolation and purification;structural elucidation;lignans;phenolic acids;anti-inflammatory activity
Abstract:Objective:Totally 12 batches of Salvia miltiorrhiza stem and leaves were taken as the research object, in order to investigate the correlation between the chromatographic peaks and the blood circulation activity in the HPLC fingerprint, and establish and verify the activity spectrum-effect model based on enzyme activity.Method:HPLC method and fibrinogen plate method were used to determine the fingerprint and in vitro activity values of stems and leaves of S. miltiorrhiza in 6 batches. SPSS was used to establish its spectrum-effect model by the principal component analysis-correlation analysis-multiple linear regression analysis method, and six batches of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves were used to verify the model.Result:Totally 7 characteristic peaks were obtained in the fingerprints of S. miltiorrhiza leaves. Kendalls tau-b correlation analysis showed the correlations between the blood circulating activity of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves and the 7 characteristic peak areas. The steep slope map analysis showed five optimal principal components of the model, namely protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, common peak 5 (to be identified), rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. Among them, protocatechualdehyde, common peak 5 and salvianolic acid B showed a positive correlation with the activity of blood circulation, while caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid showed a negative correlation with the activity of blood circulation, with low mean relative errors between the predicted value and the measured value.Conclusion:The blood circulation activity spectrum-effect model based on enzyme activity can predict the blood circulation activity of stems and leaves of S. miltiorrhiza.
Abstract:Objective:To study the correlation between the content changes of main medicinal ingredients and the color values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during storage based on the principle of chromaticity analysis, and to provide reference for studying on the mechanism of discoloration and improving the quality evaluation of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma.Method:Simulated accelerated test was adopted in this study, where Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was stored under high temperature(40±5) ℃, high humidity RH(92.5±5)%and strong light(4 000±500)Lx conditions to accelerate its discoloration. For the samples taken at different time points, the color value was determined by spectrophotometer and the total contents of anthraquinone and free anthraquinones, sennoside A, B, catechin and gallic acid were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The correlation between the effective components and the color value of rhubarb was analyzed by SPSS software.Result:During the storage process, it was observed by the eye that the color of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was significantly darker and darker in the simulated acceleration test. According to the analysis of the chromaticity value results, the changes of chromaticity values L*, a*, b*and E*ab of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were significantly negatively correlated with free strontium content(P<0.05), and significantly positively correlated with catechin content(P<0.05), but there was no correlation with total anthraquinones and sennoside A. The chromaticity value a* was significantly negatively correlated with gallic acid(P<0.05) and significantly positively correlated with sennoside B(P<0.05).Conclusion:There is a certain correlation between the change of color value and the content of six medicinal ingredients during Rhei Radix et Rhizoma storage.
Keywords:Rhei Radix et Rhizoma;simulated acceleration test;color change;medicinal ingredients;correlation
Abstract:Objective:To screen the frosting qualitymarkers (Q-marker) of Mori Foliumand identify Mori Folium after frost.Method:The HPLC-DAD-MSn fingerprints of Mori Folium before and after frost were established, the common peaks were markedand the characteristic components were selected by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). The components with a large content change were used as marker components, and the relatively stable component was used as an internal reference component. The ratio of the marker components to the peak area of the internal reference component was used as component characteristic to identify the frost of Mori Folium, andqualitative study of frosting markerswere performed by MSn and authentic standards.Result:The fingerprints were established and 33 common peaks were marked. Through OPLS-DA, peaks 1, 23, 14 were determined as marker components, peak 12 was determined as internal reference component. The frosting quality markers of Mori Folium were characterized as citric acid derivatives, saponin F, tryptophan and neochlorogenic acid by MSn and standards. The ratios of the peak areas of citric acid derivatives, saponin F, tryptophan and neochlorogenic acid before and after frost were 0.15±0.054, 1.0±0.48; 0.14±0.073, 0.98±0.48, 0.13±0.088, 0.89±0.49, respectively.Conclusion:In the fingerprints established in this study, the peak area ratios of citric acid derivatives, saponin F, tryptophan to new chlorogenic acid had specificity, which can be used as frosting quality markers for identification of Mori Folium. This study expanded the connotation of the Q-marker specificity of traditional Chinese medicine. The results can provide experimental data for the quality evaluation and drug-forming properties of Mori Folium, and provide reference for similar research.
Keywords:Mori Folium;before and after frost;citric acid derivatives;saponin F;tryptophan;neochlorogenic acid
Abstract:Objective:To investigate the current harvest, processing, packaging and storage of Lilii Bulbus due to the great difference in quality of commercially available products, in order to realize the factors affecting the quality after harvest and provide reference for the standardized production.Method:A series of factors affecting Lilii Bulbus quality were analyzed comprehensively on the basis of both field survey in main producing areas and medicinal material markets and literature retrieval.Result:The current situation and problems in harvest, initial processing, drying technologies, packaging, and storage were summarized.Conclusion:The harvest link of Lilii Bulbus involves growing years, harvesting time, and collecting methods. The initial processing link involves stripping, cleaning, sulfur fumigation, and many cooking and drying methods. The hot-air, vacuum-freeze, far-infrared, and microwave methods are applied in drying Lilii Bulbus. The main metamorphic phenomena are brown staining, moth biting, and decay in the packaging and storage links. Lilii Bulbus are packed mainly in bulk, and a few of them are packed in plastic bags or vacuum bags for fresh bulbus. Because the operation process is not standard, the cooking and drying methods are the key factors affecting the quality of Lilli Bulbus. It is necessary to establish a scientific and unified standard operating procedure (SOP) for controlling the whole process of Lilii Bulbus in multiple links.
Abstract:Objective:TO synthesize novel berberine derivatives with a variety of physiological activities, and study their antitumor activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.Method:Berberines with a variety of physiological activities were pieced together isohydroxamic acid, o-phenylenediamine, and sulfhydryl pharmacophore with effects in inhibiting histones and removing acetylases. Totally 7 novel berberine derivatives were obtained by means of organic synthesis. The structures of these derivatives were characterized and confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectral data.Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) method was used in the determination of the cytotoxic activity of HCT116, HepG2, HeLa and CCRF-CEM human cancer cell lines in vitro. Ellman method was used to reveal the inhibitory activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.Result:The results showed that the berberine derivatives containing methyl ketone had good antitumor and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The results demonstrated that compound 5bhad the highest anti-proliferative activity against CCRF-CEM cell line and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, with IC50=1.48 μmol·L-1 and IC50=0.38 μmol·L-1, respectivly.Conclusion:This paper provides a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of this kind of alkaloid derivatives. Compound 5bis a promising candidate drug and worth further study.
Abstract:Objective:To study the correlation between the color of Indigo Naturalis (powder and it's extracting solution) and effective components (indigo and indirubin) content.Method:The contents of indigo and indirubin in 27 batches of Indigo Naturalis were determined by HPLC, and the chromaticity values L*, a* and b* of powder and extracting solution were determined by color colorimeter. SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the correlation and multiple linear regression between the content of active components and the chromaticity values of Indigo Naturalis.Result:By visual observing the appearance of the powder, we find that, as the powder color deepened, the brightness values (L*) of the powder and extract were decreased, while the red-green value (a*) were increased. The correlation analysis showed that the contents of indigo were negatively correlated with the brightness value (L*) of the powder(P<0.01), and the correlation coefficient was-0.520, while they were positively correlated with the red-green value (a*)(P<0.01), and the correlation coefficient was 0.567.The contents of indirubin were negatively correlated with the brightness value (L*) of powder and extract (P<0.01), and the correlation coefficients were-0.635 and-0.580, respectively, while they were positive correlation with the red-green value (a*) (P<0.01), and the correlation coefficient were 0.706 and 0.493, respectively.Conclusion:The darker the powder color of Indigo Naturalis, the higher the content of indigo and indirubin. The L* and a* values of indigo powder were more correlated with indigo and indirubin content than with the extracting solution. The color of powder was significantly correlated with the content of indigo and indirubin, which provided reference for rapid identification of Indigo Naturalis. The method of measuring the color of Indigo Naturalis by color colorimeter is stable, scientific and reliable.
Abstract:Objective:To identify the genetic relationship of cultivated and wild Atractylodes and its closely related species by using the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2(ITS2)barcode, in order to explore the cultivation origin of A. coreana from Northeast China.Method:Genomic DNAs were extracted from 40 samples of Atractylodes and its closely related species from different cultivated habitats, and 7 samples of wild A. coreana. were also extracted. The ITS2 sequences of these samples were amplified, and bidirectional sequencing was conducted by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Totally 47 ITS2 sequences were aligned by using MEGA 5.0, 5.8S and 28S sequences were removed to obtain the complete ITS2 sequence and build neighbor-joining (NJ) tree.Result:The lengths of ITS2 sequences of all samples were 232 bp. The NJ tree and the secondary structures of ITS2 showed that various varieties could be distinguished obviously except A. chinesis and A. coreana, which showed a good monophyly. The NJ tree showed that cultivated and wild A. coreana can also get together very well.Conclusion:As a DNA barcode, ITS2 sequences can be used to stably and accurately distinguish various varieties of Atractylodes. The relationship between A. chinesis and A. coreana is very close. A. coreana can be considered as a variant of A. coreana in North China. It is recommended to incorporate A. coreana into A. chinesis. The large-scale cultivation of A. coreana may originate from local wild population in Liaoning province, and the provenance may come from Xiuyan and other places in Liaoning province.
Abstract:Objective:To study the mechanism of modified Taohe Chengqitang in preventing and treating diabetic nephropathy by means of network pharmacology.Method:Target genes of modified Taohe Chengqitang were obtained from BAT-MAN database, while target genes of diabetic nephropathy were obtained from CTD database. The target genes of disease-drug protein were obtained by crossing two groups of genes. STRING was used to build the protein-protein interaction network and visualize the results. The key genes were screened out through the computational analysis algorithm of network structure and weighted relatedness between nodes. With DAVID online tools, gene ontology (GO) analysis of Disease-Drug Intersection Target Genes and enrichment analysis of kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway were conducted. Finally, CTD database and literature study were used to obtain the key genes in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.Result:Among 621 compounds in modified Taohe Chengqitang, 581 of them were related to diabetic nephropathy. NOS3, OAT, NT5C2, ACACB, AGXT, PDE3B and other key genes mainly regulated nerve tissue transmission, cholinergic synaptic pathway, calcium channel, metabolic pathway, purine metabolic pathway, angiotensin-neurosynaptic pathway, cyclic guanosine monophosphate/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (cGMP/PKG) signaling pathway and cyclic adenosine phosphate signaling pathway, with effect in molecular reactions, such as plasma membrane, postsynaptic membrane and mitochondria.Conclusion:The network pharmacology predicts the key targets of modified Taohe Chengqitang in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy and the related pathways involved, suggesting a multi-target, multi-channel and multi-choice complex mechanism, and which is mostly related to anti-inflammation, oxidative phosphorylation and purine metabolism.
Abstract:Objective:To explore the potential mechanism of Shema Zhichuan liquid in treatment of asthma by network pharmacology.Method:Bioinformatics analysis tool for molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), systematic pharmacological database and analysis platform of TCM were employed to find the components in Shema Zhichuan liquid and their targets, and asthma-related genes were obtained from the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD). The data set of Shema Zhichuan liquid-gene and asthma-gene were imported into the Draw Venn Diagram for intersection analysis. The obtained data set of Shema Zhichuan liquid-asthma-gene was imported into String 11.0 for protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and was visualized by Cytoscape 3.6.1, and further important modules were analyzed with MCODE. DAVID 6.8 was used to analyze pathway enrichment and biological process of Shema Zhichuan liquid-asthma-gene.Result:A total of 399 components and 2 099 potential targets were obtained from Shema Zhichuan liquid, 98 asthma-related targets were retrieved, 45 common genes and 16 hub genes were screened, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), etc. Enrichment analysis showed that the common biological processes of Shema Zhichuan liquid and asthma were related to inflammation, contraction and remodeling of airway, cell proliferation and apoptosis, etc. The common biological pathways mainly included tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, receptor with high affinity for immunoglobulin E (Fc epsilon RI) signaling pathway, nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway and so on.Conclusion:Shema Zhichuan liquid serves as a multi-target, multi-pathway treatment for asthma, which can provide a reference for the further research and clinical application of this preparation.
Abstract:The National Medical Products Administration intends to simplify the registration and approval process of the classic Chinese herbal compound preparations that meet the requirements, but it is a prerequisite for obtaining preferential policies that the preparation method and the route of administration are consistent with the records of ancient medical books. As most of the famous classical formulas are recorded in the medical books of the Qing dynasty and before the Qing dynasty, during the use of medicinal materials in various dynasties, the processing of herbs, dose of medicinal herbs, and the method of decocting may have changed. If researchers simply adopt modern methods to study the formula, it is easy to deviate from policy requirements. The strengthening of preliminary data survey and definition of prescription component and the medication situation of the dynasties can provide strong theoretical support for the study of famous classical formulas. Based on this, the authors take Xiebaisan as an example, which being collected in the First Batch of Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formulas. By following the principles of ancient methods, the research and development ideas of the classic Chinese herbal compound preparations were expounded from the aspects of origin of medicinal materials, processing of medicinal materials, preparation of standard decoction and quality standard of Xiebaisan granules, so as to provide a referential method for the development and research of the famous classical formulas.
Keywords:famous classical formulas;Xiebaisan;following of original methods;composition of formula;standard decoction;quality control;origin of medicinal materials;processing
Abstract:Traditional Chinese medicine formulas (TCMF) is composed of several Chinese herbal medicines based on the theory of TCM. It plays a synergistic role under the appropriate dosage ratio to achieve the overall adjustment and treatment of TCM. It is of great significance to study the compatibility of TCMF in promoting the modernization, development and clinical application of TCM. The compatibility law is the core of TCMF theory. In recent years, based on the seven compatible relations and monarch-minister-assistant-guide principles, the composition, pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetic properties of the TCMF and their compounds were studied by new techniques and new methods, and the scientific connotation of compatibility of TCMF was discussed from different perspectives. In addition, the establishment of a variety of mathematical methods and models, the development and application of network pharmacology and data mining methods also provide great help to the research on compatibility of TCMF. The development of research methods has promoted the scientific research on the compatibility of TCMF, but it is the main task of the research on the TCMF compatibility to establish the suitable research methods for the complex relationship of pharmacodynamic substances, to clarify the internal roles of TCMF and their compounds/components compatibility, and to construct a new modern TCMF.
Keywords:traditional Chinese medicine formulas;compatibility rules;research methods;network pharmacology;formula;data mining;material basis
Abstract:Yangjing Zhongyu Tang, from FU Qing-zhu Nvke, is a famous classical formula of clinical value for treating blood deficiency syndrome of female infertility in the Qing dynasty. The prescription seems plain, but it is rigorous and effective with high research value. In this paper, the ancient books and modern documents of Yangjing Zhongyu Tang were analyzed from the aspects of traceability of Chinese materia medica in the formula, pharmacological research, clinical research, etc. It could be concluded that the pharmacological studies of this formula were mostly to investigate the mechanism and efficacy of its treatment for infertility, but there was a lack of comprehensive interpretation of the structure, function and principle of pharmacodynamic substance in this formula. In this paper, combined with the contents of supramolecular imprinting template and network pharmacology, the new direction of pharmacological research of Chinese medicine compound was put forward. Quality control of Yangjing Zhongyu Tang mostly based on small molecule compounds, so it was suggested to break the inherent thinking, and increase the detection of macromolecule compounds and supramolecular of Chinese materia medica. The druggability of this formula involved in the preliminary study of decoctions, plasters and granules. Considering the quality stability of Chinese materia medica in the formula and the scientificity of druggability of this formula, the compatibility principle of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and modern supramolecular chemistry theory could be combined to study the change law of druggability of TCM before and after compatibility, so as to provide new reference materials for the follow-up clinical application and development of Yangjing Zhongyu Tang.
Keywords:famous classical formulas;Yangjing Zhongyu Tang;supramolecular chemistry;interpretation of prescription and syndrome;pharmacological research;clinical research;quality standard;druggability
Abstract:Diabetes is a lifelong non-communicable disease caused by continuous high blood sugar, which poses a great threat to people's health. Diabetic cognitive dysfunction is the neurological impairment caused by the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by inattention, decreased learning and memory ability, and then developed into alzheimer's disease.The pathogenesis of diabetic cognitive dysfunction is not fully understood.there are no effective drugs for this disease, hypoglycemic drugs are mainly used in the clinical treatment of diabetic cognitive dysfunction, and most drugs are accompanied by serious adverse reactions while playing a therapeutic role, drug resistance and liver injury are easy to occur.In recent years, there have been a lot of research achievements on the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes mellitus with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Modern medicine believes that diabetes belongs to the category of consumptive thirst of TCM, and the diabetic cognitive dysfunction is consumptive thirst combined with dementia and forgetfulness.Qi and Yin deficiency runs through the whole process of consumptive thirst, the Qi injured, Then the Qi defficiency would cause blood circulation malfunction, long-time poor blood condition would cause blood stagnating in the brain and blocking the brain, which would lead to the brain disease.TCM can improve the diabetic cognitive dysfunction by lowering blood sugar, inhibiting neuron damage, deposition of Amyloid beta(Aβ)and abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein.This article reviews the pathogenesis of diabetic cognitive dysfunction from glucolipid metabolic disorders, disruption of blood brain barrier, inflammation, oxidative stress and non enzymatic glycosylation, insulin resistance in diabetes etc., and explores the prevention and treatment of diabetic cognitive dysfunction by Chinese medicine, to provide a reference for the research and development of drug prevention and treatment of diabetic cognitive dysfunction.
Keywords:diabetes mellitus;cognitive dysfunction;pathogenesis;traditional Chinese medicine
Abstract:Allbladder cancer is highly malignant and has few effective therapeutic drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has attracted the attention from researchers because of its multi-target, multi-link, multi-channel and less toxic side effect. In recent years, the basic studies of gallbladder cancer have made certain achievements in active components of TCM. Relevant experimental studies have extended to the lever of cells, molecules and genes. The main mechanism of experimental research include inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell metastasis, inhibiting cell migration, influencing signal transduction pathway, enhancing sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The existing experimental studies have showed that active components of TCM have certain curative effect on gallbladder cancer, but with many problems. For example, although the extract of active components of TCM shows an anti-tumor activity, the specific composition and chemical molecular structure are still unclear. Most studies focus on the level of in vitro cell experiments, but only a few in vivo experimental studies have been carried out in animals. Therefore, more in-depth studies need to be carried out in the future. Currently, most of the mechanisms of anti-gallbladder cancer of active components of TCM are classical signaling pathways. The next step is to find new signaling pathways and new targets. In addition, under the guidance of TCM theory, the future studies of TCM compound can bring advantages of TCM against tumor into full play. The experimental study on the mechanism of action of active components of TCM in the treatment of gallbladder cancer is summarized as follows, which is helpful for researchers to understand the current experimental studies on active components of TCM in gallbladder cancer, in order to conduct more in-depth studies. Basic experimental studies on gallbladder cancer can provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
Keywords:gallbladder cancer;active components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM);experimental study;mechanism
Abstract:In recent years, as the level of economic life has improved, the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus has increased year by year. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been a serious threat to maternal and newborn health. The pathogenesis of gestational diabetes is not very clear, and may be closely associated with insulin resistance, genetic susceptibility, inflammatory response, metabolic disorders. According to the gestational diabetes diagnostic standard, 24-28 weeks pregnant women keep an empty stomach over 8 h, taken 75 g oral glucose directly, and then receive the oral glucose tolerance test. GDM is diagnosed as fasting blood-glucose> 5.1 mmol·L-1, 1-hour postprandial blood glucose > 10.0 mmol·L-1, and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose > 8.5 mmol·L-1. Western medicine treatment is mainly based on diet, exercise, drugs, education, monitoring and insulin therapy according to blood glucose. Meanwhile, GDM is a type of diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine. GDM is prevented and treated with diets and traditional method sports and Chinese herbs. Therefore, integrated Chinese and western medicine therapy can maximize the curative effect, reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, and effectively improve the adverse outcome and prognosis of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus from mother to child.
Keywords:gestational diabetes mellitus;traditional Chinese medicine;western medicine;clinical treatment