References
- 1.SIERKSMA A,ESCOTT-PRICE V,DE STROOPER B.Translating genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease into mechanistic insight and drug targets[J].Science,2020,370(6512):61-66.
- 2.SMIRNOV D S,GALASKO D,HINIKER A,et al.Age-at-onset and APOE-related heterogeneity in pathologically confirmed sporadic Alzheimer's disease[J].Neurology,2021,96(18):e2272-e2283.
- 3.CHEN X Y,HOLTZMAN D M.Emerging roles of innate and adaptive immunity in Alzheimer's disease[J].Immunity,2022,55(12):2236-2254.
- 4.ABDUL MANAP A S,ALMADODI R,SULTANA S,et al.Alzheimer's disease:A review on the current trends of the effective diagnosis and therapeutics[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2024,16:1429211.doi:.
- 5.GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators.Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050:An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J].Lancet Public Health,2022,7(2):e105-e125.
- 6.ZHANG Y,CHEN H Q,LI R,et al.Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease:Challenges,successes and future[J].Signal Transduct Target Ther,2023,8(1):248.
- 7.CHANG C W,SHAO E,MUCKE L.Tau:Enabler of diverse brain disorders and target of rapidly evolving therapeutic strategies[J].Science,2021,371(6532):eabb8255.
- 8.MOYSE E,KRANTIC S,DJELLOULI N,et al.Neuroinflammation:A possible link between chronic vascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2022,14:827263.doi:.
- 9.RYU J C,ZIMMER E R,ROSA-NETO P,et al.Consequences of metabolic disruption in Alzheimer's disease pathology[J].Neurotherapeutics,2019,16(3):600-610.
- 10.DEVI L,PRABHU B M,GALATI D F,et al.Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in the mitochondrial import channels of human Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction[J].J Neurosci,2006,26(35):9057-9068.
- 11.LIU E J,ZHANG Y,WANG J Z.Updates in Alzheimer's disease:From basic research to diagnosis and therapies[J].Transl Neurodegener,2024,13(1):45.
- 12.CUMMINGS J,APOSTOLOVA L,RABINOVICI G D,et al.Lecanemab:Appropriate Use Recommendations[J].J Prev Alzheimers Dis,2023,10(3):362-377.
- 13.KNOPMAN D S.Lecanemab reduces brain amyloid-β and delays cognitive worsening[J].Cell Rep Med,2023,4(3):100982
- 14.ZHANG N Q, FENG Y M. Huangdi Neijing [M].Wuhan:Hubei Science and Technology Press,2022:590.
- 15.TIAN J Z,SHI J,WEI M Q,et al.CHARM study group.Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment:A 52-week randomized controlled trial[J].Alzheimers Dement (NY),2019,5(1):441-449.
- 16.National Medical Products Administration Pharmacopoeia Committee.Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China:Volume Ⅰ[M].Beijing:China Medical Science and Technology Press,2020.
- 17.ZHANG Y H,LYU H L,ZHOU J W,et al.Huanglian Jiedu decoction regulates HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway to improve learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 transgenic mice[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2024,30(7):59-65.
- 18.CHENG M J,YUAN C B,JU Y T,et al.Mechanism of Kaixin powder inhibiting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease mice by regulating NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway[J].Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2024,39(3):1203-1208.
- 19.XIAO M,ZHANG X L,LIU W,et al.Progress of clinical and pharmacological mechanisms of Bushen formula for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease[J].Tradit Drug Res Clin Pharmacol,2024,35(10):1628-1636.
- 20.FANG X Y,WU H R,WEI J H,et al.Research progress on the pharmacological effects of berberine targeting mitochondria[J].Front Endocrinol,2022,13:982145.
- 21.LIANG Y B.A study on the protective effect of berberine in APP/Tau/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University,2017.
- 22.FU W Y,HUNG K W,LAU S F,et al.Rhynchophylline administration ameliorates amyloid-β pathology and inflammation in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2021,12(22):4249-4256.
- 23.SHI J H,LI R Z,YANG Y X,et al.Protective effect ofα-asarone and β-asarone on Aβ25-35-induced inflammatory response in PC12 cells and its mechanism[J].J Zhejiang Univ:Med Sci,2021,50(5):591-600.
- 24.CHEN C L,CHEN J X,ZHU Y,et al.Effect of cerebrospinal fluid containing Huanglian Jiedu decoction on Aβ1-42-induced inflammation and α7nAChR level in BV2 microglia[J].Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med,2022,38(5):7-11.
- 25.CHENG W,YANG S,HE Z X,et al.Mechanism of Huanglian Jiedutang in improving pyroptosis,neuroinflammation,and learning and cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice based on NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2025,31(6):1-12.
- 26.QI Y Y,HENG X,YAO Z Y,et al.Involvement of Huanglian Jiedu decoction on microglia with abnormal sphingolipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease[J].Drug Des Dev Ther,2022,16:931-950.
- 27.ZHAO P P,CHENG P,WANG J J,et al.Shenqi Yizhi prescription prevents AβO-induced memory impairment in mice by regulating the contractility of brain pericytes[J].Phytomedicine,2024,129:155639.
- 28.SUN N N,HE X P,LIU S,et al.Study on the machanism of Huannao Yicong deoction targeting HAMP to regu|ate iron metabo ism and improve cognitive impairment in AD model mice[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2024,40(7):1240-1248.
- 29.MAO J Q,YUAN D P,ZHANG Y D,et al.Effect of Guben Jiannao liquid on APP/PS1 mice with sleep disorders based on pathological characteristics of Aβ[J].Chin J Immunol,2023,39(11):2251-2254,2264.
- 30.YANG S S,SHI H Y,ZENG P,et al.Bushen-Huatan-Yizhi formula reduces spatial learning and memory challenges through inhibition of the GSK-3β/CREB pathway in AD-like model rats[J].Phytomedicine,2021,90:153624.
- 31.ZHAO E L,DIWU Y C,ZHANG H,et al.Xixin decoction improves learning and memory ability of SAMP8 by enhancing neuroprotective effect and inhibiting neuroinflammation[J].China J Chin Mater Med,2023,48:5032-5040.
- 32.WANG YY,YAN Q,HUANG ZT,et al.Ameliorating ribosylation-induced amyloid-β pathology by berberine via inhibiting mTOR/p70S6K signaling[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2021,79(2):833-844.
- 33.CHENG Y F,SUN M,DAI Y W,et al.Effects of kaempferol on learning and memory function and the expressions of polar protein Par3,Par6 and aPKC in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease rats[J].Chin J Gerontol,2024,44(18):4480-4484.
- 34.HAO S J,HAN A L,YANG Y Y,et al.Salidroside inhibits aggregation and alleviates cytotoxicity of amyloid β-peptide[J].Food Res Dev,2021,42(19):1-7.
- 35.AL-EDRESI S,ALSALAHAT I,FREEMAN S,et al.Resveratrol-mediated cleavage of amyloid β1-42 peptide:Potential relevance to Alzheimer's disease[J].Neurobiol Aging,2020,94:24-33.
- 36.ZHANG L,FANG D Y,LIU C,et al.Mechanism of puerarin reversing SH-SY5Y cell injury induced by Aβ1-42 based on proteomics[J].China J Chin Mater Med,2021,46(14):3650-3659.
- 37.MAO P Z,YAN Y Y,YAN Z Z,et al.Pharmacological effects of linarin on Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2025,41(4):661-667.
- 38.BUSCHE MA,HYMAN BT.Synergy between amyloid-β and tau in Alzheimer's disease[J].Nat Neurosci,2020,23(10):1183-1193.
- 39.WANG Y P,MANDELKOW E.Tau in physiology and pathology[J].Nat Rev Neurosci,2016,17(1):22-35.
- 40.PARRA BRAVO C,NAGUIB S A,GAN L.Cellular and pathological functions of tau[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2024,25(11):845-864.
- 41.ZHANG K X,ZHANG J W,JIANG Y H,et al.Danggui-Shaoyao-San can ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting hippocampal neuron apoptosis:Findings from serum pharmacology[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2025,19:911-929.
- 42.QU Y,WU H,ZHU G Q,et al.The improving effect and mechanisms of Anshen Dingzhi formula on Alzheimer's disease-like behavior induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice[J].Acta Pharm Sin,2024,59(1):119-134.
- 43.XIE Y Y,YAN B,HOU M,et al.Erzhi pills ameliorate cognitive dysfunction and alter proteomic hippocampus profiles induced by d-galactose and Aβ1-40 injection in ovariectomized Alzheimer's disease model rats[J].Pharm Biol,2021,59(1):1402-1414.
- 44.ZHANG Q,XIA Y Y,LUO H B,et al.Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairments in hTau infected mice[J].Front Mol Neurosci,2018,11:437.
- 45.SUN C X,HAN X Y,YE T Y.Research progress on the mechanisms of Gardenia Fructus chemical components in improving Alzheimer's disease[J].Chin Tradit Herb Drugs,2025,56(8):2969-2983.
- 46.ZHANG F,SHI J S,LI D D,et al.Potential neuroprotection by Dendrobium nobile Lindl alkaloid in Alzheimer's disease models[J].Neural Regen Res,2022,17(5):972-977.
- 47.SUN Z Z,LI X Y,WANG S,et al.Bidirectional interactions between curcumin and gut microbiota in transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease[J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2020,104(8):3507-3515.
- 48.LOU S C,GONG D F,YANG M T,et al.Curcumin improves neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease mice via the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and BDNF[J].Int J Mol Sci,2024,25(10):5123.
- 49.QIN P,SUN Y,LI L Y.Mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases (Review)[J].Int J Mol Med,2024,53(5):47.
- 50.GRAMMAS P.Neurovascular dysfunction,inflammation and endothelial activation:Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease[J].J Neuroinflammation,2011,8(1):26.
- 51.ZHAO K W,ZHANG N,DONG X H,et al.Research progress on Buyang Huanwu decoction in preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease[J].Chin Tradit Herb Drugs,2024,55(8):2843-2852.
- 52.WANG X,ZHANG J,ZHAO M,et al.Effects of Bushen Tongfu formula on gut microbiota and LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in APP/PS1 mice based on "microorganism-intestine-brain axis"[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2025,41(1):171-178.
- 53.SONG J Y,JIA Y Q,LI J L,et al.Liuwei Dihuang improved cognitive functions in SAMP8 mice by inhibiting COX-2 expression and subsequent neuroinflammation[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2022,296(10):115491.
- 54.QIN X D,HUA J,LIN S J,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates cognitive impairment and β-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 mice via Nrf2 pathway[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2020,531(3):431-437.
- 55.FU W Y,HUNG K W,LAU S F,et al.Rhynchophylline administration ameliorates amyloid-β pathology and inflammation in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2021,12(22):4249-4256.
- 56.DING B,LIN C H,LIU Q,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA attenuates neuroinflammation via inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro[J].J Neuroinflammation,2020,17(1):302.
- 57.ZHENG Y Y,ZHENG C,TU W Z,et al.Danshensu inhibits Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity as one of the main prominent features of Alzheimer's disease[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2023,245:125294.
- 58.YANG M,YU W J,HE C X,et al.Effect on Danggui Shaoyao powder on mitophagy in rat model of Alzheimer's disease based on PINK1-Parkin pathway[J].China J Chin Mater Med,2023,48(2):534-541.
- 59.LONG Q H,ZHU Q X,MAIHRIYA A,et al.Suanzaoren decoction ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction of APP/PS1 mice via activating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway[J].Chin Pharmacol Bull,2023,39(7):1256-1262.
- 60.JIANG N,YAO C H,ZHANG Y W,et al.Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates chronic sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory by the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway[J].J Agric Food Chem,2024,72(4):2362-2373.
- 61.QIAO Y,XUE A,ZHANG Y,et al.Urine metabolomics study of Psoralea corylifolia in improving learning and memory ability in APP/PS1 mice[J].Acta Pharm Sin,2024,59(4):1010-1016.
- 62.LI H T,SUN J M,WU Y L,et al.Honokiol relieves hippocampal neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease by activating SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy[J].CNS Neurosci Ther,2024,30(8):e14878.
- 63.TIAN Y H,QI Y M,CAI H,et al.Senegenin alleviates Aβ1-42-induced cell damage through triggering mitophagy[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2022,295:115409.
- 64.FU Z H,JIN Y,WANG C Y,et al.Protective effects of platycoside D on mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ25-35[J].J Med Res Combat Trauma Care,2024,37(12):1292-1298.
- 65.BAI R R,GUO J N,YE X Y,et al.Oxidative stress:The core pathogenesis and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease[J].Ageing Res Rev,2022,77(5):101619.
- 66.LIU Z H,QIN G F,MANA L L,et al.GAPT regulates cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brains of learning and memory impairment mice induced by scopolamine[J].Brain Behav,2020,10(5):e01602.
- 67.XIAO S,ZHENG Q,LI W J,et al.Effects of Sijunzi decoction on neurotransmitters in APP/PS1 mice[J].Chin J Clin Pharmacol,2021,37(19):2655-2658.
- 68.ZHU Z Q,LU Y Q,ZHENG J N,et al.Efficacy evaluation and mechanism research of Qishen Yizhi formula in improving the learning and memory ability of Aβ1-42 hippocampus injection mice[J].World Sci Technol-Mod Tradit Chin Med,2024,26(1):40-47.
- 69.LYU X,JIANG M M,ZHU M Y,et al.Effects of Renshen Yangrong decoction on learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease mouse model[J].Chin Tradit Pat Med,2022,44(12):3823-3829.
- 70.XIA C Y,ZHOU M M,DONG X W,et al.Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits hippocampal neuronal injury caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease[J].PLoS One,2024,19(8):e0307735.
- 71.LI R,TIAN Z M.Effects and mechanism of cinnamon extract on learning,memory,and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease rats[J].Chin J Gerontol,2022,42(11):2811-2815.
- 72.YU Y,YU G,HE W.Effects of imperatorin on oxidative stress response in the hippocampus of the mouse model of Alzheimer's disease induced by Aβ1-42[J].Nat Prod Res Dev,2018,30(8):1423-1426,1409.
- 73.FAN H J,KANG K N,LI Z Y.Effects of apigenin on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer's disease induced by Aβ1-42[J].China J Chin Med,2023,38(3):602-608.
- 74.MAGEE J C,GRIENBERGER C.Synaptic plasticity forms and functions[J].Annu Rev Neurosci,2020,43(1):95-117.
- 75.YU H N,SUN M J,HAN G H,et al.Mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and regulating synaptic structure and function in AD mice[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2023,29(8):27-35.
- 76.WANG W T,HAO Y J,SU W N,et al.Dihuang Yinzi improves cognitive function of mouse model of learning and memory impairments by regulating synaptic plasticity via SIRT2[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2025,31(6):9-17.
- 77.LONG Q H,ZHAO B B,DING L,et al.Effect of Shenghui decoction on JAK2/STAT3/SOCS-1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice[J].Chin J Integr Tradit West Med,2022,42(12):1484-1492.
- 78.HE L L,LONG Q H,HU H,et al.Dabuyuan Jian improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice by regulating BDNF/TrkB/CREB signal pathway[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2020,26(21):1-7.
- 79.LIN Z Y,YAO M L,ZHENG G Y.Tiaobu Xinshen formula promotes the synthesis of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in 5×FAD transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway[J].Tradit Drug Res Clin Pharmacol,2024,35(8):1191-1196.
- 80.SHENG C X,XU P P,LIU X Y,et al.Bushen-Tiansui formula improves cognitive functions in an Aβ1-42 fibril-infused rat model of Alzheimer's disease[J].Neural Plast,2020,doi:.
- 81.LIU Y,XU S Y,BIAN H J,et al.Xingnaojing ameliorates synaptic plasticity and memory deficits in an Aβ1-42-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[J].J Pharmacol Sci,2020,143(4):245-254.
- 82.SUN X X,WANG N N,LI L,et al.Effects of active ingredients of Acorus tatarindii on GAP-43 expression in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice[J].Med Innov China,2020,17(25):21-25.
- 83.ZHANG R X,SONG Y R,SU X F.Necroptosis and Alzheimer's disease:Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2023,94(s1):S367-S386.
- 84.OBULUSU M,LAKSHMI M J.Apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease:An understanding of the physiology,pathology and therapeutic avenues[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(12):2301-2312.
- 85.WANG H P,YANG J,CHEN Y Q,et al.Hei Xiaoyaosan improves learning and memory abilities in Alzheimer's disease rats by regulating cell apoptosis[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2025,31(9):108-115.
- 86.ZHANG D,HU Z H,SONG C X,et al.Effects of Wenfei Jiangzhuo formula on apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by Aβ25-35 in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease[J].China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm,2024,39(9):4682-4687.
- 87.LI X Q,HE L L,LIU X L,et al.Effect of Jiawei Buwang powder on apoptosis and inflammatory response of hippocampal neurons in Alzheimer's disease model rats[J].Chin J Basic Med Tradit Chin Med,2019,25(10):1362-1365.
- 88.YE J X,WU J Y,AI L,et al.Geniposide effectively safeguards HT22 cells against Aβ-induced damage by activating mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2024,226:116296.
- 89.LI Y B,XIA X Y,KANG B Q,et al.Inhibitory effect of TSG on apoptosis of neuronal cells in rats with Alzheimer's disease[J].J Youjiang Med Univ Natl,2023,45(2):169-176.
- 90.QU L C,HUANG J J,FAN M D,et al.Effects of stachyine on apoptosis in an Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cell model of Alzheimer's disease[J].J South Med Univ,2020,40(7):1023-1028.
- 91.QIAN X H,SONG X X,LIU X L,et al.Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease mediated by gut microbiota[J].Ageing Res Rev,2021,68(7):101317.
- 92.LIU L X,WANG H Y,CHEN X Y,et al.Gut microbiota:A new insight into neurological diseases[J].Chin Med J,2023,136(11):1261-1277.
- 93.TIAN X P,XIA J,WEI J W,et al.Mechanisms of Danggui Shaoyaosan in improving cognitive ability in SAMP8 mice by regulating gut microbiota via 16S rDNA sequencing[J].Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form,2022,28(24):26-34.
- 94.CHEN J,LIANG X C,WANG J,et al.Investigation of the improvement effect of Dihuang Yinzi on neurological function of APP/PS1 double transgenic positive mice based on gut-brain axis and its mechanism[J].China Pharm,2022,33(24):2978-2984.
- 95.JIAOJIA C R,ZHONGGE J,LI H H,et al.Regulation of Tibetan medicine 25 coral pills on intestinal microflora of Alzheimer's disease mice[J].World Sci Technol-Mod Tradit Chin Med,2022,24(1):158-167.


