

浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
1.河北医科大学 研究生院,石家庄 050017
2.络病理论创新转化全国重点实验室,石家庄 050035
3.国家中医药管理局重点研究室(心脑血管络病),石家庄 050035
Received:15 June 2024,
Accepted:18 September 2024,
Published Online:20 September 2024,
Published:05 April 2025
移动端阅览
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种全球发病率和死亡率较高的常见疾病。其特征是慢性炎症和结构性阻塞,且不完全可逆,这将导致因空气潴留和体力消耗引起的呼吸急促。中医学提出“肺络”,认为肺络是布散于肺和肺系之络脉,肺络包括脉络和气络,脉络行血属阴,循行分布于内;气络行气属阳,循行分布于外。西医学中,脉络与大中小血管、微血管特别是微循环具有同一性;气络则涵盖了神经、内分泌、免疫等系统。肺微血管内皮细胞(HPMECs)是肺微血管内膜的重要组成部分。最近的研究发现,肺微血管内皮细胞是COPD发病机制中的主要受损细胞,其介导COPD的发生和发展。中医药可以多成分、多靶点,多通路调节肺微血管内皮细胞治疗COPD,且具有减少西药耐药性及诸多不良反应的优势。该文基于“肺络理论”,以肺微血管内皮细胞为关键点,阐述了中医药保护肺微血管内皮细胞治疗COPD的新内涵,旨在为临床通过保护肺微血管内皮细胞治疗COPD提供新见解。
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease with a high incidence and mortality rate in the world. It is characterized by chronic inflammation and structural obstruction and is not completely reversible which will lead to shortness of breath caused by air retention and physical exertion. Traditional Chinese medicine proposes the concept of "lung collaterals", which refers to the collateral vessels scattered throughout the lungs and lung system. The lung collaterals include the pulse collaterals and Qi collaterals. The blood circulation in the pulse collaterals belongs to Yin, distributed internally along the way. The Qi circulation in the Qi collateral belongs to Yang and is distributed externally. In western medicine, the pulse collaterals have an identity with large, medium, and small blood vessels, microvessels, and especially microcirculation. The Qi collateral encompasses systems such as the nervous, endocrine, and immune system. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) are an important component of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium. Recent studies have found that HPMECs are the main damaged cells in the pathogenesis of COPD, mediating the occurrence and development of COPD. Traditional Chinese medicine can regulate HPMECs to treat COPD through multiple components, targets, and pathways, and has the advantage of reducing western medicine resistance and many side effects. Based on the "lung collateral theory", this paper focused on HPMECs, and elaborated on the new connotation of traditional Chinese medicine in protecting HPMECs to treat COPD, aiming to provide new insights for the clinical treatment of COPD by protecting HPMECs.
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis , Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [EB/OL].( 2023-11-12 ) [ 2024-05-20 ]. https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/ https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/ .
RAHERISON C , GIRODET P O . Epidemiology of COPD [J]. Eur Respir Rev , 2009 , 18 ( 114 ): 213 - 221 .
LAREAU S C , FAHY B , MEEK P , et al . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 2019 , 199 ( 1 ): 1 - 2 .
LÓPEZ-CAMPOS J L , TAN W , SORIANO J B . Global burden of COPD [J]. Respirology , 2016 , 21 ( 1 ): 14 - 23 .
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [J]. Lancet ,2024, 403 ( 10440 ): 2100 - 2132 .
GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators . Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories,2022-2050:A forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [J]. Lancet , 2024 , 403 ( 10440 ): 2204 - 2256 .
WANG C , XU J , YANG L , et al . Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study):A national cross-sectional study [J]. Lancet , 2018 , 391 ( 10131 ): 1706 - 1717 .
邱幸凡 . 经络之气脉血脉两大系统探讨 [J]. 湖北中医杂志 , 2006 , 28 ( 3 ): 22 - 24
QIU X F . Exploration of the two major systems of Qi and blood channels in the meridian system [J]. Hubei J Tradit Chin Med , 2006 , 28 ( 3 ): 22 - 24 .
贾振华 . 肺疫证治规律探讨与连花清瘟组方新解 [J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志 , 2024 , 30 ( 17 ): 203 - 210 .
JIA Z H . Discussion about diagnosis and treatment regularity of infectious lung disease epidemic and new explanation of Lianhua Qingwen formula [J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form , 2024 , 30 ( 17 ): 203 - 210 .
吴以岭 . 气络—NEI网络相关性探析 [J]. 中医杂志 , 2005 , 46 ( 10 ): 723 - 726 .
WU Y L . Rsearch on the correlation between qi collateral and NEI net [J]. J Tradit Chin Med , 2005 , 46 ( 10 ): 723 - 726 .
贾振华 . 络病理论指导新型冠状病毒肺炎证治探讨 [J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志 , 2020 , 26 ( 12 ): 18 - 22 .
JIA Z H . Discussion about guidance of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 by Luobing theory [J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form , 2020 , 26 ( 12 ): 18 - 22 .
SCHUPP J C , ADAMS T S , COSME C J , et al . Integrated single-cell atlas of endothelial cells of the human lung [J]. Circulation , 2021 , 144 ( 4 ): 286 - 302 .
BOREK I , BIRNHUBER A , VOELKEL N F , et al . The vascular perspective on acute and chronic lung disease [J]. J Clin Invest , 2023 , 133 ( 16 ): e170502 .
吴以岭 . 中医络病学说与三维立体网络系统 [J]. 中医杂志 , 2003 , doi: 10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2003.06.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2003.06.002 .
WU Y L . TCM collateral diseases and three dimensional solid network system [J]. J Tradit Chin Med , 2003 , doi: 10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2003.06.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2003.06.002 .
贾振华 . 连花清咳“化痰止咳”改善通气换气功能的科学内涵和临床价值解析 [J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志 , 2021 , 27 ( 23 ): 190 - 194 .
JIA Z H . Scientific connotation and clinical value of traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingke improving ventilation function through "reducing phlegm" [J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form , 2021 , 27 ( 23 ): 190 - 194 .
谢慎 , 刘雨儿 , 胡薇 , 等 . 《灵枢·胀论第三十五》学术思想探源 [J]. 中医药学报 , 2015 , 43 ( 4 ): 129 - 130 .
XIE C , LIU Y E , HU , W , et al . Exploring the origins of academic thought in "the spirit pivot:On inflation, chapter 35 "[J]. J Tradit Chin Med , 2015 , 43 ( 4 ): 129 - 130 .
朱震亨 . 丹溪心法 [M]. 北京 : 中国医药科技出版社 , 2020 : 82 .
ZHU Z H . Danxi heart method [M]. Beijing : China Medical Science and Technology Press , 2020 : 82 .
李建生 . 正虚积损为慢性阻塞性肺疾病的主要病机 [J]. 中华中医药杂志 , 2011 , 26 ( 8 ): 710 - 713 .
LI J S . Accumulation of pathogen and damage due to deficiency of vital Qi is the main pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases [J]. Chin J Tradit Chin Med , 2011 , 26 ( 8 ): 710 - 713
陈雨亮 . 扶正祛邪法治疗慢性阻塞性肺病缓解期的临床观察 [D]. 武汉 : 湖北中医药大学 , 2017 .
CHEN Y L . Foster the method for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)remission of clinical observation [D]. Wuhan : Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 2017 .
汪辉 . 补肺纳肾法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究 [D]. 广州 : 广州中医药大学 , 2017 .
WANG H . Study on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease with invigorating lung and nourishing kidney method [D]. Guangzhou : Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , 2017 .
陈楠 . 涤痰清肺化瘀法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病痰热壅肺证的临床研究 [D]. 南京 : 南京中医药大学 , 2018 .
CHEN N . Clinical study on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with phlegm heat syndrome by removing phlegm and clearing lung and removing blood stasis [D]. Nanjing : Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , 2018 .
吴建军 . 合并症对COPD稳定期患者中医证候的影响 [D]. 北京 : 北京中医药大学 , 2018 .
WU J J . The impact of comorbidities on traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in stable COPD patients [D]. Beijing : Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , 2018 .
孟丹丹 . 基于PI3K/Akt通路探讨益气化饮清热方治疗COPD稳定期气虚饮热证大鼠作用机制 [D]. 济南 : 山东中医药大学 , 2022 .
MENG D D . Based on PI3K/Akt pathway to exploring the mechanism of Yiqi Huayin Qingrefang in the treatment of COPD stable period rats with Qi deficinency and drink heat syndrome [D]. Jinan : Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2022 .
刘俨熠 , 杨肇权 , 马将 , 等 . 定坤丹治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期气滞血瘀型患者评价 [J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志 , 2024 , 30 ( 13 ): 128 - 134 .
LIU Y Y , YANG Z Q , MA J , et al . Effect of Dingkundan in treatment of Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at stable phase [J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form , 2024 , 30 ( 13 ): 128 - 134 .
陈一凡 , 李雁 , 褚岩 , 等 . 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的中药复方治疗专利现状及用药规律 [J]. 西部中医药 , 2023 , 36 ( 11 ): 84 - 89 .
CHEN Y F , LI Y , ZHU Y , et al . Patent status of Chinese medicine compound for the treatment of COPD and medication rules [J]. West Tradit Chin Med , 2023 , 36 ( 11 ): 84 - 89 .
侯羽 , 赵克明 . 赵克明教授从脾胃论治COPD临证经验 [J]. 临床合理用药 , 2024 , 17 ( 10 ): 137 - 140 .
HOU Y , ZHAO K M . Professor Zhao Keming's clinical experience in treating COPD from the perspective of spleen and stomach theory [J]. Clinical Rational Drug Use , 2024 , 17 ( 10 ): 137 - 140 .
李景泽 , 庞立健 , 臧凝子 , 等 . 慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并胃食管反流症的中西医研究进展 [J]. 辽宁中医药大学学报 , 2024 , 26 ( 4 ): 96 - 100 .
LI J Z , PANG L J , ZANG N Z , et al . Progress in traditional Chinese and western medicine research on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with gastroesophageal reflux [J]. J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med , 2024 , 26 ( 4 ): 96 - 100 .
NANA-SINKAM S P , LEE J D , SOTTO-SANTIAGO S , et al . Prostacyclin prevents pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 2007 , 175 ( 7 ): 676 - 685 .
刘青清 . CSE对肺血管内皮细胞凋亡和VEGF/VEGFR2表达的影响 [D]. 长沙 : 中南大学 , 2013 .
LIU Q Q . Impact of cigarettes on pulmonary vascular endothelial cells'apoptosis and expression of VEGF/VEGFR2 [D]. Changsha : Central South University , 2013 .
纵单单 . Notch信号通过ERK途径参与CSE诱导的肺微血管内皮细胞凋亡 [D]. 长沙 : 中南大学 , 2014 .
ZONG D D . Notch signaling participates in CSE induced apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells through the ERK pathway [D]. Changsha : Central South University , 2014 .
任佳荣 , 任登华 , 徐晶晶 , 等 . MiR-206通过靶向调控Notch3参与香烟烟雾诱导的人肺微血管内皮细胞凋亡 [J]. 海南医学 , 2018 , 29 ( 19 ): 2670 - 2674 .
REN J R , REN D H , XV J J , et al . MiR-206 participates in cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via targeting regulation of Notch3 [J]. Hainan Medical , 2018 , 29 ( 19 ): 2670 - 2674 .
段佳熙 . 巨噬细胞外泌体介导慢阻肺肺微血管内皮细胞凋亡及其机制研究 [D]. 长沙 : 中南大学 , 2022 .
DUAN J X . Macrophage derived extracellular vesicles mediate apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its mechanism [D]. Changsha : Central South University , 2022 .
DEEGAN S , SAVELJEVA S , GORMAN A M , et al . Stress-induced self-cannibalism:On the regulation of autophagy by endoplasmic reticulum stress [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci , 2013 , 70 ( 14 ): 2425 - 2441 .
TANG D , KANG R , LIVESEY K M , et al . Endogenous HMGB1 regulates autophagy [J]. J Cell Biol , 2010 , 190 ( 5 ): 881 - 892 .
PETRUSCA D N , VAN DEMARK M , GU Y , et al . Smoking exposure induces human lung endothelial cell adaptation to apoptotic stress [J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , 2014 , 50 ( 3 ): 513 - 525 .
KOIKE K , BERDYSHEV E V , MIKOSZ A M , et al . Role of glucosylceramide in lung endothelial cell fate and emphysema [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 2019 , 200 ( 9 ): 1113 - 1125 .
PETRACHE I , NATARAJAN V , ZHEN L , et al . Ceramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in mice [J]. Nat Med , 2005 , 11 ( 5 ): 491 - 498 .
DIAB K J , ADAMOWICZ J J , KAMOCKI K , et al . Stimulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling as an alveolar cell survival strategy in emphysema [J]. Am J Resp Crit Care , 2010 , 181 ( 4 ): 344 - 352 .
VENKATARAMAN K , LEE Y M , MICHAUD J , et al . Vascular endothelium as a contributor of plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate [J]. Circ Res , 2008 , 102 ( 6 ): 669 - 676 .
GOEL K , BEATMAN E L , EGERSDORF N , et al . Sphingosine 1 Phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 is decreased in human lung microvascular endothelial cells of smokers and mediates S1P effect on autophagy [J]. Cells , 2021 , doi: 10.3390/cells10051200 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051200 .
WANG Y F , HSU Y J , WU H F , et al . Endothelium-derived 5-methoxytryptophan is a circulating anti-inflammatory molecule that blocks systemic inflammation [J]. Circ Res , 2016 , 119 ( 2 ): 222 - 236 .
SCHMIDT E P , LEE W L , ZEMANS R L , et al . On,around, and through:Neutrophil-endothelial interactions in innate immunity [J]. Physiology (Bethesda) , 2011 , 26 ( 5 ): 334 - 347 .
BARNES P J . Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol , 2016 , 138 ( 1 ): 16 - 27 .
LOCKETT A D , KIMANI S , DDUNGU G , et al . α 1-antitrypsin modulates lung endothelial cell inflammatory responses to TNF- α [J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , 2013 , 49 ( 1 ): 143 - 150 .
旷湘楠 . 基于脉络学说探讨肺微血管屏障功能障碍介导慢性阻塞性肺病影响动脉粥样硬化的作用及通络干预研究 [D]. 石家庄 : 河北中医学院 , 2021 .
KUANG X N . The role of pulmonary microvascular barrier dysfunction mediating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affecting atherosclerosis based on the venation theory and the study of Tongluo intervention [D]. Shijiazhuang : Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2021 .
RAHMAN I , MORRISON D , DONALDSON K , et al . Systemic oxidative stress in asthma,COPD,and smokers [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 1996 , 154 ( 4 Pt 1 ): 1055 - 1060 .
DROST E M , SKWARSKI K M , SAULEDA J , et al . Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD [J]. Thorax , 2005 , 60 ( 4 ): 293 - 300 .
THOMSON N C . Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of respiratory diseases and their comorbidities [J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol , 2018 , 40 : 1 - 8 .
DENG F , WANG S , XU R , et al . Endothelial microvesicles in hypoxic hypoxia diseases [J]. J Cell Mol Med , 2018 , 22 ( 8 ): 3708 - 3718 .
HOSHINO S , YOSHIDA M , INOUE K , et al . Cigarette smoke extract induces endothelial cell injury via JNK pathway [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 2005 , 329 ( 1 ): 58 - 63 .
CHAN S , BRASSINGTON K , ALMERDASI S A , et al . Inhibition of oxidative stress by apocynin attenuated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progression and vascular injury by cigarette smoke exposure [J]. Br J Pharmacol , 2023 , 180 ( 15 ): 2018 - 2034 .
LUO J , LI L , HU D , et al . LINC00612/miR-31-5p/Notch1 axis regulates apoptosis,inflammation, and oxidative stress in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells induced by cigarette smoke extract [J]. Int J Chronic Obstr , 2020 , 15 : 2049 - 2060 .
KYOMOTO Y , KANAZAWA H , TOCHINO Y , et al . Possible role of airway microvascular permeability on airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. Respir Med , 2019 , 146 : 137 - 141 .
BAUMER Y , NG Q , SANDA G E , et al . Chronic skin inflammation accelerates macrophage cholesterol crystal formation and atherosclerosis [J]. JCI Insight , 2018 , 3 ( 1 ): e97179 .
WANG Y , KUANG X , YIN Y , et al . Tongxinluo prevents chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with atherosclerosis by inhibiting ferroptosis and protecting against pulmonary microvascular barrier dysfunction [J]. Biomed Pharmacother , 2022 , 145 : 112367 .
KUANG X , WANG Y , LIU S , et al . Tongxinluo enhances the effect of atorvastatin on the treatment of atherosclerosis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by maintaining the pulmonary microvascular barrier [J]. Food Sci Nutr , 2023 , 11 ( 1 ): 390 - 407 .
乔波 . 益气涤痰破瘀方治疗慢阻肺调控ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R轴的机制研究 [D]. 昆明 : 云南中医药大学 , 2021 .
QIAO B . The theraputic mechanism of Yiqi Ditan Formula regulating ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R signaling pathway in COPD rats [D]. Kunming : Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2021 .
胡雅楠 . 益气涤痰破瘀方调控TLR4/NF- κ B/HIF-1 α /VEGF通路干预COPD大鼠肺血管重构的作用机理研究 [D]. 昆明 : 云南中医药大学 , 2021 .
HU Y N . Yiqi Ditan Poyu formula regulates TLR4/NF- κ B/HIF-1 α /VEGF pathway A mechanistic study on effect of intervention on pulmonary vascular remodeling in rate with COPD [D]. Kunming : Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , 2021 .
谢铱子 , 纪树亮 , 庄轰发 , 等 . 基于转录组学与网络药理学探讨补中益气丸治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的机制 [J]. 中药新药与临床药理 , 2021 , 32 ( 2 ): 182 - 190 .
XIE Y Z , JI S L , ZHUAN H F , et al . Based on transcriptomics and network pharmacology to explore the mechanism of Buzhong Yiqi pills treating in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. Tradit Chin Drug Res Clin Pharmacol , 2021 , 32 ( 2 ): 182 - 190 .
唐卓然 . 益气活血消癥方干预 COPD模型大鼠血管重塑及调控TLR4/NF- κ B信号通路研究 [D]. 北京 : 北京中医药大学 , 2019 .
TANG Z R . Study on the intervention of Yiqi Huoxue Xiaozheng Formula on vascular remodeling and regulation of TLR4/NF- κ B signaling pathway in COPD model rats [D]. Beijing : Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2019 .
黄丽娜 . 清金化浊方干预慢阻肺急性加重高凝状态的疗效与机制研究 [D]. 北京 : 中国中医科学院 , 2023 .
HUANG L N . Effect and mechanism of Qingjin Huazhuo recipe on hypercoagulable state in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [D]. Beijing : Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2023 .
秦燕勤 . 基于组分配伍药效的补肺益肾组分方干预COPD炎症反应机制 [D]. 北京 : 北京中医药大学 , 2020 .
QIN Y Q . Mechanism of intervention of COPD inflammatory response with Bu Fei Yi Shen component formula based on component compatibility efficacy [D]. Beijing : Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 2020 .
叶志鹏 . 四物汤及其药对(川芎-当归、熟地-白芍)对COPD气道重塑大鼠的实验研究 [D]. 昆明 : 云南中医学院 , 2016 .
YE Z P . Experimental study on the effects of Siwu Tang and its drugs (Chuanxiong Danggui, Shu Di Bai Shao) on airway remodeling in COPD rats [D]. Kunming : Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , 2016 .
魏佳琪 , 苏连华 , 孟玉凤 , 等 . 活血化瘀法联合阿托伐他汀对慢性阻塞性肺疾病缓解期合并肺动脉高压患者血管内皮功能及血液高凝状态的影响 [J]. 现代中西医结合杂志 , 2021 , 30 ( 22 ): 2436 - 2440 .
WEI J Q , SU L H , MENG Y F , et al . Effect of Huoxue Huayu method combined with atorvastatin on vascular endothelial function and blood hypercoagulability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in remission stage with pulmonary hypertension [J]. Mod J Integr Tradit Chin Med , 2021 , 30 ( 22 ): 2436 - 2440 .
李强 , 翟春苗 , 石占利 , 等 . 血府逐瘀胶囊改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病高龄患者血栓前状态、炎症因子和呼吸功能及其相关性分析 [J]. 中草药 , 2021 , 52 ( 14 ): 4268 - 4276 .
LI Q , ZHAI C M , SHI Z L , et al . Clinical efficacy and correlation analysis in elderly patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with Xuefu Zhuyu capsule [J]. Chin Herb Med , 2021 , 52 ( 14 ): 4268 - 4276
李萌萌 , 李格 , 姜珊 . 宁嗽化痰汤治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(风寒袭肺证)患者的疗效观察 [J]. 中国中医急症 , 2024 , 33 ( 4 ): 678 - 680 .
LI MM , LI G , JIANG S . Observation of the therapeutic effect of Ningsou Huatan Tang on patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (wind cold attacking the lungs syndrome) [J]. J Emerg Syndromes Tradit Chin Med , 2024 , 33 ( 4 ): 678 - 680 .
0
Views
178
下载量
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621