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Online FirstList of IssuesDocument Types
Understanding and Handling of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica in Textbooks during the Republic of China Era AI Introduction
Abstract：The Republic of China era was a crucial stage for the scientific and systematic reconstruction of traditional herbal knowledge under the impact of Western medicine and pharmacy. The understanding and handling of toxic Chinese materia medica reflect the characteristics of integrating Chinese and Western knowledge and connecting ancient and modern wisdom. As an important carrier of this process， the textbooks of Chinese materia medica during the Republic of China era， on the basis of inheriting the inherent knowledge of traditional toxic Chinese materia medica， actively absorbed new knowledge from disciplines such as pharmacognosy， Chinese materia medica chemistry， and Chinese materia medica pharmacology， and constructed a knowledge system of toxic Chinese materia medica with the logical approach of "recognizing toxicity-using toxicity-controlling toxicity-detoxifying." Specifically， in terms of recognizing toxicity， the textbooks' explanation of the meaning of toxicity is more inclined towards toxic and side effects， while emphasizing the analysis of the chemical components and pharmacological effects of toxic Chinese materia medica. In the aspect of using toxicity， while emphasizing the efficacy of medicines， the textbooks paid more attention to clinical adaptability and regional characteristics. In controlling toxicity， guarantees for safe medication were provided through improving processing methods， perfecting compatibility， strictly specifying contradictions， and standardizing dosages. In detoxifying， attempts were made to combine Chinese and Western methods to promote the diversified integration of detoxifying strategies. The construction of this knowledge system not only shows that a drug safety ideology covering recognizing toxicity， using toxicity， controlling toxicity， and detoxifying was initially formed during the Republic of China era but also provides guidance and reference for the modern rational use of toxic Chinese materia medica.Keywords：toxic Chinese materia medica;toxic herbal medicines;Chinese materia medica;textbook37|15|0
<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Analysis and Construction of Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Data Mining AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo explore the key influencing factors and evaluation standards involved in the rat modeling of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）， providing a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of experimental methods and drug efficacy in animal studies of HCC.MethodsA systematic review was conducted on 300 Chinese articles related to mouse and rat models of HCC that were published from January 2022 to December 2024， as well as the English articles published. Data mining was employed to extract key parameters （such as animal species， modeling methods， positive drugs， and detection indicators）， and corresponding models were constructed based on these parameters.ResultsIn the modeling of HCC， the commonly used animals included BALB/c mice （30.33%）， C57BL/6 mice （25.00%）， SD rats （13.00%）， and KM mice （12.67%）. For in situ modeling of HCC， chemical induction with diethylnitrosamine （DEN， 16.33%） was frequently employed. In transplant tumor modeling， intrahepatic injection was the main method， with common cell lines such as Hepa1-6 （2.33%） and H22 （2.00%）. Subcutaneous tumor models were mainly established by subcutaneous injection of HCC cells， mainly H22（18.67%） and HepG2 （9.33%）. In experiments， cisplatin， cyclophosphamide， and 5-fluorouracil were frequently selected as positive drugs. The most common detection indicators included histological changes observed through HE staining （167 times）， protein expression （160 times）， and cytokine levels （156 times）. Experimental results indicated that in the modeling with DEN + Carbon tetrachloride （CCl4）， SD rats demonstrated greater model stability than KM mice， providing a quantitative basis for optimizing animal models of HCC.ConclusionWhen the DEN + CCl4 chemical induction method is adopted to establish an HCC model， SD rats are a superior experimental species over KM mice， as their model exhibits significant advantages in pathological accuracy， process predictability， and relevance to human disease. It is recommended that 4- to 6-week-old male KM mice or 6- to 8-week-old male SD rats can be used as the model animals， depending on specific needs， and the chemical stimulation method can be used for model establishment. This approach can efficiently and effectively replicate pathological features similar to human HCC， thereby serving as a reference for animal experiments in HCC research.Keywords：hepatocellular carcinoma;animal model;data mining;model construction37|14|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Traditional Chinese Medicine Manages Vascular Cognitive Impairment by Targeting Notch Signaling Pathway： A Review AI Introduction
Abstract：The incidence of vascular cognitive impairment （VCI） is increasing amid population aging. This condition， stemming from structural and functional impairment of cerebral blood vessels， leads to memory decline， executive dysfunction， and a loss of social adaptability， significantly diminishing patients' quality of life and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Currently， few drugs or therapies can effectively reverse or delay this cognitive decline. Existing Western pharmaceuticals are often limited by single-target mechanisms and notable side effects associated with long-term use. In recent years， the Notch signaling pathway， a highly conserved intercellular communication pathway， has garnered significant attention for its critical role in embryonic development and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in adults. Through a signaling network involving Notch receptors， ligands， and downstream target genes， this pathway precisely regulates angiogenesis， synaptic plasticity， apoptosis， and neuroinflammation， all of which are central to the pathological progression of VCI. Consequently， the Notch signaling pathway has emerged as a key molecular target in the research on VCI treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by its multi-component and multi-target nature， has demonstrated potential in managing VCI by modulating the Notch signaling pathway. This article systematically reviews research progress in TCM active components （e.g.， kaempferol and scutellarin） and compound formulas （e.g.， Tongmai Huoxue decoction， Dihuang Yinzi， and Buyang Huanwu decoction） with the effects of activating blood， resolving stasis， dredging collaterals， and replenishing Qi that regulate the Notch pathway for VCI treatment. This review aims to provide new theoretical foundations for the research and treatment of VCI.Keywords：vascular cognitive impairment;Notch signaling pathway;neuroinflammation;apoptosis;angiogenesis46|19|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Identification and Expression Analysis of GATA Transcription Factor Gene Family in Aesculus chinensis AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo identify and functionally characterize the GATA gene family members in Aesculus chinensis at the whole-genome level， thus providing a reference for exploring the biological functions of these genes in A. chinensis.MethodsThe conserved GATA domain PF00320 was retrieved from the InterPro database， and a hidden Markov model was constructed via HMMER. The gathering threshold （GA， sequence cutoff=26.8， domain cutoff=26.8） was used as the screening criterion. GATA family members were searched against the proteome of A. chinensis based on its high-quality genome， and AcGATA members were identified with conserved domain validation. Bioinformatic tools including TBtools-Ⅱ v2.485， ExPASy， MEME， WoLF PSORT， and IQ-TREE were adopted to systematically analyze the physicochemical properties， subcellular localization， conserved domains， chromosomal distribution， gene structure， phylogeny， and cis-acting elements of AcGATA members.ResultsA total of 33 GATA genes were identified， distributed across 18 chromosomes， all possessing the type Ⅳb zinc finger domain. Thirty AcGATAs were predicted to localize in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis classified AcGATAs into four classes， among which Class A contained the largest number of members， and the gene structure was conserved within the same class. The combined results of transcriptomic， phylogenetic， and cis-element analyses suggested that AcGATA02， AcGATA03， AcGATA06， AcGATA09， AcGATA10， AcGATA13， AcGATA19， AcGATA27， AcGATA29， and AcGATA30 might participate in seed development or the transcriptional regulation of aescin biosynthesis in A. chinensis.ConclusionThirty-three AcGATA genes were identified in the Aesculus chinensis genome， among which 10 candidates likely involved in seed development or aescin biosynthesis regulation were screened as targets for further functional validation.Keywords：GATA transcription factor;Aesculus chinensis;gene family identification;expression mode;secondary metabolites39|16|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Changyanning Granules AI Introduction
Abstract：Changyanning granules （Conba®） is derived from a long-standing empirical prescription and is a product of Jiangxi Conba Tianshikang Pharmaceutical Co.， Ltd. It is included in the Category B of the National Drug Catalogue for Basic Medical Insurance， Work-related Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance. Composed of five medicinal herbs including Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba and Hedyotis chrysotricha （Palib.） Merr.， Changyanning granules have the effects of clearing heat， draining dampness， and promoting Qi movement. Clinically， it is used for acute and chronic gastroenteritis， diarrhea， bacillary dysentery， infantile dyspepsia and other diseases. At present， this drug lacks unified standards for clinical application， and the understanding of its efficacy， suitable syndromes， and safety remains insufficient. To clarify the standards for clinical application and promote rational drug use， a consensus working group was established with 32 experts in the fields of gastroenterology， pharmacy， and evidence-based medicine. Through expert interviews， nominal group technique， and questionnaire surveys， 21 core clinical issues were sorted out and identified. After a systematic review of relevant literature， the evidence level was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment， Development and Evaluation （GRADE） approach， and finally the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Changyanning granules （Conba®） was formed. This Consensus was registered internationally in both Chinese and English in August 2025， with the registration number PREPARE-2025CN1248. It has been reviewed and approved by the China Ethnic Medicine Association and officially released on the National Group Standard Information Platform （T/CEMA 052—2025）. This consensus is applicable to physicians and pharmacists of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， Western medicine， and integrated Chinese and Western medicine in medical and health institutions at all levels nationwide. The consensus clarifies that the indicated TCM syndrome of this drug is the stomach-intestine dampness-heat syndrome， standardizes the usage， dosage， treatment course， and dosage adjustment for special populations with different syndromes， defines the applicable scenarios of monotherapy and combined medication， and specifies the adverse reactions， contraindications， and precautions. Modern research shows that this drug has definite therapeutic effects on off-label indications such as infantile rotavirus enteritis， irritable bowel syndrome， and ulcerative colitis. This consensus provides a scientific basis for the rational clinical use of Changyanning granules （Conba®）， improving the therapeutic effect and reducing medication risks， and will be continuously revised and improved based on new clinical problems and evidence-based medicine in the future.Keywords：expert consensus;Changyanning granules;clinical application;gastroenteritis;diarrhea;infantile dyspepsia50|49|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Compilation Explanation for Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Changyanning Granules （Conba®） AI Introduction
Abstract：To standardize the clinical application of Changyanning granules （Conba®）， address clinical practice issues such as inconsistent dosage selection， ambiguous indicated syndromes， and off-label use， and improve medication efficacy and safety， the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences led the joint development of the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Changyanning granules （Conba®） with 28 institutions across China. This consensus formulation strictly adheres to the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development， the Directives for Standardization—Part 1： Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Standardizing Documents （GB/T 1.1—2020）， and the Compilation Specifications for Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines， adopting a 10-step closed-loop development process. Through systematic literature retrieval， multi-source information including clinical research evidence， expert practical experience， and industry standards were integrated. After online-offline collaborative discussions and voting by 32 cross-disciplinary experts， 21 core clinical questions were finally confirmed， along with 7 recommendation opinions and 28 consensus suggestions. Comprehensive evidence shows that Changyanning granules （Conba®）， either used alone or in combination with conventional therapy， has definite efficacy in treating conditions such as diarrhea and infantile dyspepsia， with good safety， low incidence of adverse reactions， and mild severity. This consensus integrates evidence-based medicine with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and treatment， clarifying the application scope， dosage， usage， combined medication scenarios， and precautions. It provides a standardized reference for clinicians and pharmacists in medical institutions at all levels， and plays a guiding role in promoting the standardized clinical application of Changyanning granules （Conba®） and ensuring medication safety.Keywords：Changyanning granules;expert consensus;Conba;compilation explanation;clinical application48|17|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Clinical Efficacy of Jianpi Qinghua Formula in Autoimmune Hepatitis Patients with Spleen Deficiency and Stasis-heat Syndrome and Its Effect on Gut Microbiota AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy and safety of Jianpi Qinghua formula on autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） in patients with the spleen deficiency and stasis-heat syndrome and its effect on the gut microbiota.MethodsA randomized controlled study was conducted. Seventy-two AIH patients with the spleen deficiency and stasis-heat syndrome were selected from the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine and randomized into an experimental group and a control group， with 36 patients in each group. The control group received basic treatment with Western medicine， and the experimental group additionally received oral administration of Jianpi Qinghua formula. The treatment lasted for 12 weeks. The TCM symptom scores， liver function indicators， and immunity indicators were determined before and after treatment in both groups. In the experimental group， 16 patients were randomly selected， and 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to determine the gut microbiota changes before and after the treatment.ResultsAfter treatment， the clinical comprehensive efficacy and TCM symptom efficacy in the experimental group were 88.89% and 94.44%， respectively， which were higher than those （69.44% vs 77.78%） in the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment， the experimental group had lower TCM symptom scores， liver enzyme indicators ［alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， adenosine deaminase （ADA）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase （GGT）］， immunoglobulin G （IgG）， immunoglobulin M （IgM）， and liver metabolism indicators ［globulin （GLB）， total bile acids （TBA）， total bilirubin （TBIL）， and indirect bilirubin （IDBIL）］ （P<0.05）， but higher liver synthesis indicators ［albumin （ALB） and cholinesterase （CHE）］ （P<0.05） than the control group. In terms of safety indicators， compared with the control group， the experimental group exhibited decreases in blood routine indicators ［white blood cells （WBC）， red blood cells （RBC）， and hemoglobin （HGB）］ and incidence of adverse reactions （P<0.05）. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing showed significant changes in the diversity of gut microbiota of AIH patients after treatment with Jianpi Qinghua formula. After treatment， the patients in the experimental group showed increased relative abundance of Firmicutes， Proteobacteria， and Acidobacteria at the phylum level （P<0.05）， increased relative abundance of Clostridia and decreased relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacilli at the class level （P<0.05）， decreased relative abundance of Enterobacteriales and Lactobacillales and increased relative abundance of Oscillospirales and Lachnospirales at the order level （P<0.05）， decreased relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae and increased relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae at the family level （P<0.05）， and decreased relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella， Streptococcus， Veillonella， and Lactobacillus and increased relative abundance of Faecalibacterium， Aerobacter， and Megamonas at the genus level （P<0.05）. The phylogenetic tree showed that the relative abundance of Clostridia， Firmicutes， Oscillospirales， and Ruminalococcaceae increased in the patients of the experimental group after treatment （P<0.05）.ConclusionJianpi Qinghua formula can effectively reduce the levels of liver enzyme indexes， immunoglobulins， and liver metabolism indicators， and increase the levels of liver synthesis indicators in AIH patients with the spleen deficiency and stasis-heat syndrome， and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the gut microbiota.Keywords：Jianpi Qinghua formula;autoimmune hepatitis;clinical efficacy;gut microbiota52|22|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Exploration of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment Strategies for Cerebellar Ataxia AI Introduction
Abstract：Cerebellar ataxia （CA） is a group of neurological disorders characterized by postural-gait instability，limb incoordination，dysarthria，dysphagia，and oculomotor abnormalities. With complex acquired，hereditary，and neurodegenerative etiologies，its treatment remains challenging. This article proposes an integrative Chinese and Western medicine framework of "core symptoms-traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） disease category-core pathogenesis-basic syndrome pattern-treatment selection" and explores subtype-specific treatment strategies. The core manifestations—postural-gait instability，limb incoordination，shaking vision，dysarthria，trembling，and muscle atrophy—of CA correspond to Guyao，Fengfei，Xuanyun，Yinfei，Chanzheng，and Weizheng in TCM，respectively. Kidney essence deficiency and governor vessel malnutrition are regarded as the root pathogenesis，with phlegm-stasis obstruction，endogenous wind-fire disturbance，spleen-kidney deficiency，and dampness-heat toxin as common accompanying factors. Western medical treatment integrates etiological control，symptomatic therapy，and rehabilitation，while TCM treatment selects herbal medicine，acupuncture-moxibustion，and Daoyin exercises with the effects of tonifying the kidney and supplementing essence，dredging governor vessel and regulating spirit，resolving phlegm and eliminating statis，extinguishing wind and dredging collaterals，and invigorating the spleen and replenishing Qi according to major symptoms and syndrome patterns. For different main symptoms and syndrome patterns under the same subtype，different prescriptions and acupuncture regimens can be selected based on the disease stage，the severity of the main symptom，the presence of pathogenic excess，and the involved area. This study provides a basis for developing integrative treatment strategies for CA from both theoretical and clinical perspectives.Keywords：cerebellar ataxia;integrative Chinese and western medicine;treatment strategy;exploration47|44|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Exploring Effect of Pyroptosis on Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction and Treatment from Theory of Harmful Hyperactivity and Responding Inhibition AI Introduction
Abstract：Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction is one of the major factors leading to cardiovascular events. Pyroptosis， as a newly discovered form of programmed cell death in recent years， has been proven to play a key role in the excessive inflammatory response and malignant remodeling of myocardial damage after myocardial infarction. Modern research has shown that in the pathological process of ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction， pyroptosis is induced by pathways such as NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome/gasdermin-D （GSDMD）/lipopolysaccharide （LPS）， and excessive pyroptosis can further aggravate the metabolic imbalance and inflammatory response， forming a vicious cycle. Harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition is a classic theory in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） that explains human pathophysiological phenomena and guides clinical treatment. According to the connotation of classic TCM theory and pathogenesis and the research achievements of modern physiology， pathology， and molecular biology， this paper believes that the pathological mechanism of pyroptosis in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction corresponds to the theoretical connotation of harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition. Targeting the pathological mechanism and characteristics of pyroptosis， this paper further proposes the general treatment principle of restraining the hyperactivity and balancing the excess， and explores the potential mechanisms of TCM intervention in pyroptosis. The study found that various TCM active ingredients and compound formulas can inhibit the activation of inflammatory factors and the expression of inflammatory proteins by regulating inflammation-related signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappa B （TLRs/NF-κB） and NLRP3/GSDMD pathways， thereby reducing inflammatory response. In summary， according to the theory of harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition， this paper sorts out the influence and connection of pyroptosis mechanism in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction and makes an outlook on the possible path of prevention and treatment with TCM， providing a reference for the research and clinical application of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.Keywords：harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition;pyroptosis;myocardial infarction;ventricular remodeling41|18|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29PK-PD Profiling of Active Components in Eucommia ulmoides Under Different Physiological and Pathological Conditions AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic （PK-PD） model of active components in Eucommia ulmoides at the animal level under pathological state for clarifying the compounds directly related to the antihypertensive effect of E. ulmoides.MethodsHealthy Wistar rats and qualified spontaneously hypertensive rat （SHR） models were selected and administrated with E. ulmoides extract （5.4 g·kg-1） each day by gavage once daily for six consecutive days. The， the rats were subjected to jugular vein cannulation and administrated with E. ulmoides extract （5.4 g·kg-1） the next day. Blood samples （0.5 mL each） were collected at different time points before and after the administration， and the plasma was separated. Subsequently， the levels of nitric oxide （NO）， endothetin-1 （ET-1）， and angiotensin Ⅱ （AngⅡ） in the plasma of the SHR models at different time points were determined by biochemical assay kits for PD research. UPLC-MS/MS was then employed to determine the levels of seven active components of E. ulmoides extract in plasma of SHR model and Wistar rats at different time points. The plasma concentration-time curve and main pharmacokinetic parameters of each component were obtained for PK research. Then， the PK parameters were fixed by WinNonlin 8.2 software， and a suitable model was selected to fit the PD data. Thus， the PK-PD models of active components in E. ulmoides were constructed.ResultsCompared with the normal group， the SHR model showed decreases in half-life （T1/2）， apparent volume of distribution （Vz/F）， and mean residence time （MRT0-∞） of （+）-pinoresinol di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （PDG） after repeated gavage of E. ulmoides extract. In the model group， genipinic acid （GA） showed reduced T1/2， area under curve （AUC0-t）， and MRT0-∞ but increased clearance （CLss/F）， and （+）-pinoresinol 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （PG） exhibited shortened T1/2. Protocatechuic acid （PCA） in the model group showed prolonged T1/2. Chlorogenic acid （CA） exhibited prolonged T1/2， decreased AUC0-t， and increased Vz/F and CLss/F in the model group. The MRT0-∞ of cryptochlorogenic acid （CCA） was shortened in the model group. In summary， there were significant differences in the pharmacokinetic process of PDG， GA， PG， PCA， CA， and CCA in the E. ulmoides extract. Among the three PD indicators AngⅡ， ET-1， and NO， NO had the lowest EC50/IC50 value.ConclusionThere are differences in the PK process of the active components of E. ulmoides extract between normal rats and SHR models. Hypertension will change the PK behavior of the active components in E. ulmoides extract.Keywords：Eucommia ulmoides extract;spontaneously hypertensive rats;pharmacokinetics;pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model37|17|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29PK-PD Profiling of Active Components in Eucommia ulmoides Extract with Aortic Vascular Endothelial Cells from a SHR Model AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic （PK-PD） model of active components in Eucommia ulmoides at the cellular level under pathological state for clarifying the compounds related to the antihypertensive effect of E. ulmoides.MethodsQualified spontaneous hypertensive rat （SHR） models were selected. Rat primary aortic vascular endothelial cells （VECs） were separated and cultured by the method of ligation and adherence. After subculture and successful identification， the cells were used to conduct the next experiment. The cells were cultured in 6-well plates at a density of 5×104 cells/mL， and the culture medium containing E. ulmoides extract （3 g·L-1） was added to each well. The cells and cell supernatant were collected at different time points. The levels of nitric oxide （NO） and angiotensin Ⅱ （AngⅡ） in the cell supernatant were determined. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） method was used to determine the levels of seven active components in E. ulmoides extract at different time points. For each active component of E. ulmoides， according to the data characteristics of cell PK and PD at different time points， the PK parameters were fixed， and then WinNonlin 8.2 software was used to select an appropriate model to fit the PD data， and thus the PK-PD models of active components in E. ulmoides were built.ResultsThe absorption of chlorogenic acid and pinoresinol glucoside was faster in VECs， while that of pinoresinol diglucoside and neochlorogenic acid in VECs was slower. Pinoresinol diglucoside， geniposidic acid， and pinoresinol glucoside were eliminated slowly in VECs， while protocatechuic acid， chlorogenic acid， neochlorogenic acid， and cryptochlorogenic acid were eliminated quickly in VECs. Among the components of E. ulmoides extract in VECs， the pharmacological indicator NO showed the lowest EC50/IC50 value.ConclusionThe active components in E. ulmoides exhibit strong affinity for NO and exert a rapid regulatory effect on NO. Increasing the release of NO in the body may be a key mechanism by which E. ulmoides exerts its antihypertensive effect.Keywords：Eucommia ulmoides;Vascular endothelial cell;pharmacokinetics;pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model36|20|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Pharmacokinetics of Six Active Components in Shuganning Injection AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacokinetics of six active components-scutellarin， baicalein， oroxylin A， geniposide， oroxylin A glucuronide， and baicalin-in Shuganning Injection following single and multiple doses in rats， thus comparing the pharmacokinetics of Shuganning Injection at different doses and under different dosing regimens.MethodsFirstly， ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） was employed to establish a method for simultaneous determination of six active components-scutellarin， baicalein， oroxylin A， geniposide， oroxylin A glucuronide， and baicalinin—in rat plasma. Then， SD rats were assigned into a single-dose group and a multiple-dose group according to different dosing regimens. Each of the single-dose group and multiple-dose group were designed with low， medium， and high concentrations for tail vein injection. The rats were subjected to jugular vein cannulation， and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at different time points before and after administration of Shuganning Injection the next day， transferred into heparinized Eppendorf tubes， and centrifuged to separate plasma. Finally， the UPLC-MS/MS method was employed to determine the plasma concentrations of six active components at different time points. WinNonlin 8.2 software was used to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters.ResultsA UPLC-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of scutellarin， baicalein， oroxylin A， geniposide， oroxylin A glucuronide， and baicalinin in rat plasma and to study the pharmacokinetic characteristics at low， medium， and high concentrations after tail vein injection of Shuganning Injection with single and multiple doses. The method verified that the linear relationship of each component in rat plasma samples was good （R2>0.995）. The extraction recovery and matrix effect ranged from 92.12% to 112.48%. The intra-day and inter-day precision， accuracy， and stability met the requirements of biological sample analysis. For single-dose administration， the area under curve （AUC0-t） values of the six components increased with the increase in concentration， suggesting that the six components showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetic characteristics in vivo. For multiple-dose administration， compared with the single-dose group， at low concentrations， the AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of baicalein increased， and the mean residence time （MRT0-∞） of the other five components except oroxylin A glucoronide prolonged. At medium concentrations， AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ increased， and clearance （CL） decreased. At high concentrations， the AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of baicalein and geniposide increased， and the increase in AUC0-t may be due to the fact that the previous drug has not been completely eliminated at the next administration， resulting in a certain accumulation. It is hypothesized that the plasma concentration of Shuganning Injection in SD rats may accumulate to a certain extent after seven consecutive days of administration once a day.ConclusionShuganning Injection in different concentrations and different dosing regimens exhibit pharmacokinetic differences， which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of Shuganning Injection.Keywords：Shuganning injection;SD rats;ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）;pharmacokinetics42|33|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Comparison of Intestinal Absorption Characteristics of Rubus multibracteatus Extract in Normal and Inflammatory Pain Model Rats by Peristalsis-Intestinal Perfusion Model AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo compare the intestinal absorption characteristics of eleven constituents （protocatechuic acid， tiliroside， scutellarin， luteoloside， astragaline， epicatechin， catechin， methoxsalen， p-coumaric acid， caffeic acid， and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide） of Rubus multibracteatus extract in normal and inflammatory pain model rats via a peristalsis-intestinal perfusion model.MethodsThe extract was administered at concentrations of 25.0， 50.0， and 100.0 g·L-1， and the levels of the eleven components in intestinal perfusion samples were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. The remaining drug quantity Ptn（μg） and cumulative absorption-transformation rate （A/%） over 2 h were calculated to compare the intestinal absorption characteristics of each component in normal and inflammatory pain model rats.ResultsNone of the components exhibited dose-dependent increases， suggesting non-simple absorption mechanisms. For other components except catechin and epicatechin， the model group showed better absorption in the jejunum， while the normal group exhibited superior absorption in the duodenum. The cumulative absorption rates in the duodenum， ileum， and at low concentrations were generally higher in normal rats than in model rats.ConclusionInflammatory pain alters the intestinal absorption of R. multibracteatus extract， and further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Keywords：Rubus multibracteatus extract;peristalsis-intestinal perfusion model;inflammatory pain model rats;intestinal absorption characteristics;ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）20|19|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Protective Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Sini Tang in Treating Ponatinib-induced Heart Failure in Mice AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and molecular mechanisms of the classical prescription Sini Tang （SNT） in treating heart failure （HF） induced by ponatinib （PNT）， a third-generation multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for treating hematological malignancies， based on the traditional efficacy of warming the middle to dispel cold and restoring Yang to save from collapse.MethodsThe HF model in mice was established by gavage of PNT， and SNT was used for intervention. Fifty-four mice were randomized into a control group， a model group， high-dose （10.4 g·kg-1）， medium-dose （5.2 g·kg-1）， and low-dose （2.6 g·kg-1） SNT groups， and a captopril （15 mg·kg-1） group. A high-resolution small animal ultrasound imaging system was used to evaluate the cardiac structure and function of mice. Transcriptomics combined with network pharmacology was utilized to explore the pathways involved in the SNT treatment of PNT-induced HF. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） was adopted to observe the apoptosis of mouse cardiomyocytes. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of cleaved cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 （cleaved Caspase-3） in mouse cardiomyocytes. The serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide （BNP）， cardiac troponin T （cTnT）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） in mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was conducted to determine the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathway-related proteins， including extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， p38 MAPK， Fos proto-oncogene （c-FOS）， and their phosphorylated forms in the cardiac tissue.ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） and left ventricular fractional shortening （LVFS） （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， SNT interventions at all doses increased LVEF and LVFS （P<0.01） and reduced the left ventricular end-systolic diameter （LVIDs） （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， SNT decreased the heart index （P<0.05， P<0.01） and ameliorated histopathological lesions in the cardiac tissue. Integrated transcriptomic and network pharmacology analyses revealed that the pivotal mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SNT against PNT-induced HF were closely associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis， as well as the MAPK and TNF signaling pathways. SNT treatment inhibited PNT-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the expression of cleaved Caspase-3 in the cardiac tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， it reduced the serum levels of BNP， cTnT， TNF-α， IL-6， and MDA （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and down-regulated the relative protein levels of MAPK pathway molecules， including p-JNK/JNK， p-ERK/ERK， p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK， and c-FOS， in the cardiac tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）.ConclusionSNT intervention can regulate the MAPK signaling pathway， inhibit myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis， and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to exert the cardioprotective effect， thereby effectively ameliorating PNT-induced HF in mice. This study provides a reference for traditional Chinese medicine in alleviating the cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and lays a foundation for the in-depth development and novel clinical application of classical prescriptions.Keywords：Sini tang;heart failure;ponatinib;transcriptomics;molecular docking;mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway;cardiomyocyte apoptosis26|15|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Mining and Functional Verification of Key SDR Genes Involved in Asymmetric Biosynthesis of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine in Ephedra sinica Based on Transcriptomics AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo compare the content of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine among different parts of Ephedra sinica and to screen and functionally verify short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase （SDR） genes involved in the asymmetric synthesis.MethodsThe content of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in herbaceous stems and rhizomes of E. sinica was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （UHPLC-QqQ-MS）. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to screen differentially expressed SDR genes participating in the asymmetric synthesis and conduct bioinformatics analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） combined with chiral liquid chromatography was further adopted to complete the in vitro functional verification of candidate genes.ResultsEphedrine （1.85-2.66 mg·g-1） and pseudoephedrine （1.02-1.71 mg·g-1） were detected in herbaceous stems， while neither of them was detected in rhizomes. A total of 161 979 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome assembly， among which 781 SDR family genes were identified. Compared with rhizomes， herbaceous stems showed significant upregulation of 17 288 genes （including 125 genes encoding SDR members）. The most highly expressed gene EsSDR_DN57015 encoded a stable， slightly alkaline soluble protein with no signal peptide or transmembrane structure but the typical structural characteristics of the SDR family. In vitro functional verification showed that the encoded enzyme could catalyze the asymmetric reduction of 2-chloroacetophenone， with stereoselectivity biased toward S-configuration and an enantiomeric excess （ee） value of -35.05%.ConclusionThis study confirmed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine accumulate mainly in the herbaceous stems of E. sinica. A candidate SDR gene EsSDR_DN57015 involved in asymmetric reduction was screened and functionally verified， which provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the stereoselective formation mechanism of ephedrine alkaloids and facilitating high-quality breeding of E. sinica.Keywords：Ephedra sinica;ephedrine;pseudoephedrine;transcriptomics;asymmetric biosynthesis;short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase31|16|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Autophagic Homeostasis Imbalance and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Gastric Precancerous Lesions Based on Spleen-Stomach Qi Transformation Theory AI Introduction
Abstract：Chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） is a major precancerous stage in the gastric carcinogenesis cascade. Its prolonged course and progression toward precancerous lesions of gastric cancer are closely associated with persistent chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa， glandular atrophy， impaired damage repair， and disruption of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is an essential mechanism for cellular quality control， substrate degradation， and material recycling. Imbalance of autophagic homeostasis may lead to insufficient clearance of damaged substrates， persistent inflammatory oxidative stress， impaired autophagy-lysosome degradation， and abnormal repair and renewal， thereby participating in the progression of CAG and precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. The theory of spleen-stomach Qi transformation centers on orderly ascending and descending of Qi， mutual dependence of reception and transformation， harmony between dryness and dampness， and orderly exit and entrance， emphasizing the generation of nutrient essence， transformation of clear and turbid Qi， nourishment of gastric collaterals， and the interaction between healthy Qi and pathogenic factors. During the progression of CAG， dysfunction of spleen-stomach Qi transformation may manifest as malnourishment of gastric collaterals， retention of turbidity and stasis， lingering pathogenic factors， and insufficient repair. Its association with autophagic homeostasis is mainly reflected in shared pathological processes， including disruption of gastric mucosal homeostasis， insufficient clearance of damaged substrates， impaired repair and renewal， and precancerous evolution. From the spleen-stomach qi transformation theory， this paper reviews the role of autophagic homeostasis imbalance in the occurrence and development of CAG and the progression of precancerous lesions discusses the mechanism interpretation between spleen-stomach Qi transformation dysfunction and autophagic homeostasis imbalance is discussed， and summarizes the research progress in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） restoring of spleen-stomach Qi transformation and correction of autophagic homeostasis. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of CAG and the delay of precancerous lesion progression with TCM.Keywords：chronic atrophic gastritis;precancerous lesions of gastric cancer;spleen-stomach Qi transformation;autophagic homeostasis imbalance;traditional Chinese medicine38|12|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Effect of Different Processing Methods in Production Areas on Chemical Components， Antioxidant Activity， and Blood-tonifying Efficacy of Angelicae Sinensis Radix AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo compare the effects of three processing methods—freeze drying （FD）， shade drying （SD）， and fresh cutting followed by low-temperature drying （LTD）—in production areas on the quality of Angelicae Sinensis Radix decoction pieces.MethodsAngelicae Sinensis Radix samples from Minxian County， Gansu Province were processed with the three methods. The content of chlorogenic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolides I， H， and A， ligustilide， and butylidenephthalide was determined by HPLC. The total volatile oil content was measured with the method specified in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. The oil cavity characteristics were observed via paraffin sections. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2，2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and 2，2′-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid） diammonium salt （ABTS） assays. The blood-tonifying efficacy was assessed with a phenylhydrazine-induced anemia model in zebrafish. Multivariate statistical analysis， Spearman correlation analysis， and entropy-weighted TOPSIS were employed for comprehensive quality evaluation.ResultsThe three processing methods significantly affected both chemical components and efficacy of Angelicae Sinensis Radix. Samples prepared by LTD retained the highest overall content of the seven components， followed by FD， with SD retained the lowest component content. Total volatile oil content was similar between SD （1.06%-1.60%） and LTD （1.00%-1.90%） samples， slightly lower in FD samples （1.05%-1.36%）. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） identified ligustilide， butylidenephthalide， senkyunolides， and ferulic acid as key differential components distinguishing the three processing methods. For antioxidant activity， SD samples exhibited better IC50 values for scavenging DPPH （0.524 g·L-1） and ABTS （0.338 g·L-1） than the other two groups. The zebrafish assay showed that the high-dose FD group had the strongest blood-tonifying effect， followed by the high-dose SD group. The entropy-weighted TOPSIS integrating antioxidant and blood-tonifying activities ranked the three processing methods as SD>FD>LTD.ConclusionSD demonstrated the best performance in preserving active components and maintaining antioxidant and blood-tonifying activities. Therefore， SD is recommended as the preferred processing method for Angelicae Sinensis Radix in production areas.Keywords：Angelicae Sinensis Radix;processing methods in production area;antioxidant activity;blood-tonifying efficacy;multivariate statistical analysis32|13|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervenes in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Treating Dilated Cardiomyopathy： A Review AI Introduction
Abstract：Dilated cardiomyopathy （DCM） is a type of primary cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function， with an extremely poor prognosis. Current Western medical treatments can only slow disease progression and are unable to reverse irreversible myocardial damage. Accumulating studies in recent years have confirmed that persistent and excessive activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS） is one of the key pathological hubs mediating myocardial injury in DCM. Through the abnormal cascade of the three unfolded protein response （UPR） signaling pathways—protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK）， inositol-requiring enzyme 1α （IRE1α）， and activating transcription factor 6 （ATF6）—ERS drives three core pathological processes： cardiomyocyte apoptosis， myocardial fibrosis， and calcium homeostasis disruption. It has now emerged as a highly promising novel therapeutic target in DCM treatment. Chemical drugs targeting ERS have limitations such as single-target specificity and difficulties in clinical translation. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by multi-component， multi-target， and holistic regulation， has demonstrated potential application advantages in the prevention and treatment of DCM. This paper systematically elucidates the physiological basis and core regulatory pathways of ERS， delves into the key mechanisms through which ERS mediates the pathological progression of DCM， and summarizes the latest advances in basic research on the targeted regulation of ERS for DCM treatment with TCM formulas， single herbs， active components， Chinese patent medicines， modern TCM preparations， and TCM injections. Finally， it summarizes the existing shortcomings of current research and outlines future research directions， aiming to provide preliminary theoretical support and a clear research framework for the precision prevention and treatment of DCM with TCM.Keywords：dilated cardiomyopathy;endoplasmic reticulum stress;traditional Chinese medicine;unfolded protein response;apoptosis32|25|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Effect of Sinitang Combined with Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy on Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acid in Patients with Liver Cancer AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Sinitang combined with lenvatinib mesylate and sintilizumab in treating liver cancer and the effects on the cholesterol metabolism and intestinal flora structure in the patients， thus preliminarily exploring the regulatory effect on hepatoenteric circulation of bile acid.MethodsEighty liver cancer patients treated in Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected and randomly allocated to control and observation groups， with 40 patients in each group. The control group was treated with lenvatinib mesylate combined with sintilimab， and the observation group additionally received Sinitang granules for three months. The Karnofsky Performance Status （KPS） score， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome efficacy， TCM syndrome score， and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging （CT/MRI） imaging results of the two groups before and after treatment were compared. The serum levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， and total bile acid （TBA） were assayed. The 16S rDNA sequencing technique was used to detect the changes of intestinal flora structure characteristics and the correlation between differential taxa and TBA in the two groups before and after treatment.ResultsAfter treatment， the KPS scores of the two groups increased （P<0.05）， and the change was more pronounced in the observation group （P<0.01）. Following treatment， TCM symptom scores in the observation group declined （P<0.01）. The total response rate of TCM syndrome alleviation in the observation group was 82.50%（33/40）， exceeding that （55.00%， 22/40） of the control group （χ2=7.040， P<0.05）. Post-treatment CT/MRI findings in the observation group tended to be better than those in the control group， although the inter-group difference did not reach statistical significance. After treatment， the observation group showed increases in the number of gut microbial taxa at the phylum， order， family， genus， and species levels （P<0.05）. In addition， the observation group exhibited declined serum TC， TG， and LDL-C levels （P<0.05） and TBA level （P<0.01）， whereas the HDL-C level increased slightly. After Sinitang treatment， the diversity of intestinal flora in patients with liver cancer increased. The relative abundance of Comamonas decreased， and that of f__Planococcaceae_Unclassified， f__Oscillospiraceae_Unclassified， and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group increased （P<0.05）. The differential bacterial species demonstrated a strong correlation with TBA （P<0.05）.ConclusionSinitang combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy can improve the clinical status of patients with liver cancer and regulate cholesterol metabolism and intestinal flora structure by regulating the enterohepatic circulation of bile acid.Keywords：Sinitang;liver cancer;intestinal flora;bile acid;cholesterol metabolism;16S rDNA37|17|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29Danqi Xinmaikang Attenuates Chronic Heart Failure by Promoting Fatty Acid Oxidation Through Activating AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Danqi Xinmaikang （DQ） on chronic heart failure （CHF） induced by left anterior descending （LAD） coronary artery ligation in mice and to explore its molecular mechanism of regulating fatty acid oxidation via the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway to combat CHF.MethodsA CHF model was established in mice by LAD coronary artery ligation. Mice were randomized into sham， model， positive control （sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets 50 mg·kg-1）， and low-dose and high-dose DQ groups（0.64，1.28 g·kg-1）， with 6 mice in each group. After successful modeling， drug administration was implemented for 4 consecutive weeks. After drug administration， changes in cardiac function parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） and left ventricular fractional shortening （LVFS） were measured via cardiac ultrasound. Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide precursor （NT-ProBNP） levels were determined. Cardiac pathological changes and fibrosis severity were observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Masson staining. Western blot and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） were adopted to determine the protein and mRNA levels， respectively， of AMPK， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase， mitochondrial （ACADM）， carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A （CPT1A）， fatty acid translocase （CD36）， and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α （PGC-1α）. In vitro experiments employed oxygen-glucose deprivation （OGD） to treat cardiomyocytes， with control， OGD model group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1， 3， and 5 g·L-1， respectively） DQ groups established. The expression of relevant molecules in each group was assessed via Western blot and Real-time PCR. The AMPK inhibitor Dorsomorphin （Compound C， CC） was further used to elucidate its role of AMPK in the anti-CHF effect of DQ.ResultsCompared with the sham group， the model group exhibited reduced LVEF and LVFS （P<0.05） and an elevated plasma NT-proBNP level （P<0.05）， along with significant pathological damage and fibrosis in the myocardial tissue. Compared with the model group， 4 weeks of DQ treatment improved LVEF and LVFS （P<0.05）， decreased the plasma NT-proBNP level （P<0.05）， and alleviated myocardial fibrosis and pathological damage. In vitro experiments similarly demonstrated that DQ significantly enhanced the cell viability of OGD-treated H9c2 cells compared with the OGD group. Further mechanism studies revealed that DQ， both in vitro and in vivo， promoted AMPK phosphorylation and increased mRNA and protein levels of PGC-1α and fatty acid oxidation-related molecules （ACADM， CPT1A， and CD36） （P<0.05）. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C reversed these effects of DQ （P<0.05）.ConclusionDanqi Xinmaikang effectively improves the cardiac function in the mouse model of LAD ligation-induced CHF， reduces myocardial injury and fibrosis， and exhibits significant protective effects against OGD-induced cardiomyocyte damage. It activates the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway to promote fatty acid oxidation， thereby ameliorating myocardial energy metabolism disorders. This study provides experimental evidence for elucidating the pharmacological mechanism of Danqi Xinmaikang in treating heart failure and offers a potential candidate drug for CHF treatment.Keywords：Danqi Xinmaikang;chronic heart failure （CHF）;adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway;fatty acid metabolism;peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α （PGC-1α）41|13|0<HTML><H-PDF><L-PDF><XML>Updated：2026-10-29
