Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical cardiovascular syndrome. The rising morbidity and mortality of HF has threatened human health. The causes for HF are complicated. Hemodynamic abnormalities and ventricular overload lead to myocardial hypertrophy

and excessive activation of neuroendocrine cell factor causes ventricular remodeling

all of which can lead to HF symptoms. Because the existing studies on the pathogenesis and treatment in HF don't meet clinical requirements

it urgently needs to further study the pathogenic mechanism and find more effective drugs or therapeutic approaches. HF animal models can simulate disease in human by various means

and provide scientific and theoretical basis for pathogenesis

treatment and prevention of HF. Due to higher requirements of large animal model of HF for experiment equipment and technical operation

as well as a high cost

small animal models of heart failure with a low cost and simple operation have often been used in screening drug efficacy and studying mechanisms. According to the principle

commonly used small animal models of HF can be divided into pressure overload type

heart ischemia type and cardiac inhibition type

and the modeling methods mainly include aorta coarctation

pulmonary hypertension

salt load

coronary artery occlusion

adriamycin

isopropyl adrenaline

pentobarbital sodium and propafenone. Animal models of HF made by various methods have various principle and characteristics. Therefore

purpose of experiment

infrastructure and funds shall be considered in choosing animal model for study.