The Python programming language and R statistical analysis software were used to systematically analyze the non-toxic botanical formulas for diabetes from the Qing dynasty and previous dynasties and summarize their prescription rules to guide clinical application for diabetes. The statistical results showed that non-toxic botanical formulas for diabetes focused on Qi-supplementing

Yin-tonifying and heat-clearing herbs

indicating the basic pathogenesis of diabetes:Qi-Yin deficiency and dryness-heat. Diabetes is a complex disease with a variety of complications

which correspond with different syndromes and pathogenesis from traditional Chinese medicine perspective. It had different syndromes and complications such as anorexia due to spleen-deficiency

polyuria caused by kidney Yang deficiency

polydipsia resulted from lung-stomach dryness-heat

thirsty induced by excessive stomach heat

vexing heat in the limbs caused by blood and fluid deficiency

cough caused by lung-kidney Yin deficiency and hyperactivity of deficient fire

edema caused by Qi deficiency and impairment of both Qi and Yin. The prescription rules and new prescriptions obtained through cluster analysis were based on the syndrome differentiation

providing new ideas and evidence for properly selecting and modifying formulas to achieve the optimal therapeutic effects.