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1.湖南中医药大学,长沙 410208
2.湖南省中西医结合医院/湖南省中医药研究院附属医院, 长沙 410006
3.湖南中医药大学 科技创新中心,长沙 410208
Received:13 July 2025,
Revised:2025-11-11,
Accepted:12 November 2025,
Online First:13 November 2025,
Published:20 May 2026
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苏瑶,邱峰,易韬等.滋肾活血方通过GRP78/PERK/ATF4信号通路减轻2-VO模型大鼠海马神经元内质网应激的保护机制[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2026,32(10):93-102.
SU Yao,QIU Feng,YI Tao,et al.Zishen Huoxue Prescription Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hippocampal Neurons of 2-VO Rats via GRP78/PERK/ATF4 Signaling Pathway[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2026,32(10):93-102.
苏瑶,邱峰,易韬等.滋肾活血方通过GRP78/PERK/ATF4信号通路减轻2-VO模型大鼠海马神经元内质网应激的保护机制[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2026,32(10):93-102. DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20252236.
SU Yao,QIU Feng,YI Tao,et al.Zishen Huoxue Prescription Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hippocampal Neurons of 2-VO Rats via GRP78/PERK/ATF4 Signaling Pathway[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2026,32(10):93-102. DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20252236.
目的
2
探讨滋肾活血方调控葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)/蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)/激活转录因子4(ATF4)信号通路改善双侧颈总动脉结扎法(2-VO)模型大鼠认知功能障碍的机制。
方法
2
采用2-VO法建立血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠模型,将72只雄性SD大鼠根据随机数字表法分为假手术组,模型组,盐酸多奈哌齐组(0.45 mg·kg
-1
),滋肾活血方低、中、高剂量组(8.90、17.80、35.60 g·kg
-1
),每组12只。Morris水迷宫实验评估大鼠学习记忆能力;新物体识别实验检测大鼠认知水平;苏木素-伊红(HE)和尼氏(Nissl)染色法观察大鼠海马组织结构和形态变化;透射电镜(TEM)观察大鼠海马神经元中内质网形态;免疫荧光检测海马神经元中神经元核蛋白(NeuN)与GRP78、
β
Ⅲ微管蛋白(
β
Ⅲ Tubulin)与消皮素D(GSDMD)共定位情况;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测内质网应激(ERS)相关蛋白GRP78、PERK、ATF4、磷酸化PERK(p-PERK)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)、NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、胱天蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)、GSDMD的表达水平。
结果
2
与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著延长(
P
<
0.01),穿越平台次数和目标象限停留时间显著减少(
P
<
0.01);识别指数显著减少(
P
<
0.01);海马神经元细胞排列紊乱,数量减少,胞体变形皱缩,核固缩深染;Nissl小体数量显著减少;内质网数量明显减少,出现异常的扩张和肿胀,正常折叠结构消失;大鼠海马NeuN与GRP78、
β
Ⅲ Tubulin与GSDMD的荧光共定位显著增加;GRP78、p-PERK/PERK、ATF4、CHOP、NLRP3、GSDMD、Caspase-1蛋白表达水平显著上升(
P
<
0.01)。与模型组比较,盐酸多奈哌齐组、滋肾活血方中、高剂量组逃避潜伏期显著缩短(
P
<
0.01),平台穿越次数明显增加(
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01);盐酸多奈哌齐组和滋肾活血方各剂量组平台象限停留时间明显增加(
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01);识别指数显著提高(
P
<
0.01);盐酸多奈哌齐组和滋肾活血方各剂量组海马神经元数量增多,排列趋于紧密,核深染减少;Niss
l小体数量增加,形态结构趋于正常;滋肾活血方高剂量组内质网数量增加,恢复折叠结构;大鼠海马NeuN与GRP78、
β
Ⅲ Tubulin与GSDMD的荧光共定位显著减弱;盐酸多奈哌齐组GRP78、ATF4、CHOP蛋白表达显著增加(
P
<
0.01),p-PERK/PERK蛋白表达明显减少(
P
<
0.05);滋肾活血方低剂量组GRP78、p-PERK/PERK、CHOP表达明显增加(
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01);滋肾活血方中、高剂量组p-PERK/PERK、ATF4、CHOP蛋白表达均显著降低(
P
<
0.01);滋肾活血方高剂量组GRP78蛋白表达显著降低(
P
<
0.01);盐酸多奈哌齐组Caspase-1蛋白表达显著增加(
P
<
0.01),NLRP3蛋白表达显著减少(
P
<
0.01);滋肾活血方低剂量组GSDMD蛋白表达显著升高(
P
<
0.01),NLRP3蛋白表达显著减少(
P
<
0.01);经滋肾活血方中、高剂量给药治疗后,NLRP3、GSDMD、Caspase-1蛋白表达水平显著降低(
P
<
0.01)。
结论
2
滋肾活血方对2-VO模型大鼠的认知功能的改善作用可能与调控GRP78/PERK/ATF4信号通路,改善ERS,抑制神经细胞焦亡有关。
Objective
2
To investigate the mechanism by which the Zishen Huoxue prescription (ZSHXP) ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia (VD) induced by the bilateral common carotid artery ligation (2-VO model rats) through regulating the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) signaling pathway.
Methods
2
A VD rat model was established via the 2-VO method. A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham group, Model group, donepezil hydrochloride group (0.45 mg·kg
-1
), and ZSHXP groups at low (8.90 g·kg
-1
), medium (17.80 g·kg
-1
), and high (35.60 g·kg
-1
) doses,with 12 rats in each group. The Morris Water Maze test was utilized to assess spatial learning and memory abilities of rats, and the Novel Object Recognition test was used to evaluate cognitive performance. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Nissl staining were applied to observe the histological and morphological changes in hippocampal tissues. Transmission electron microscop
y (TEM) was used to observe the morphological changes of endoplasmic reticulum in rat hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was adopted to detect the colocalization of neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN) with GRP78 and
β
Ⅲ Tubulin with gasdermin D (GSDMD) in hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins including GRP78, PERK, ATF4, phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1 and GSDMD.
Results
2
Compared with the sham operation group, the model group showed a significantly prolonged escape latency (
P
<
0.01), a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings and the residence time in the target quadrant (
P
<
0.01), and a markedly reduced recognition index (
P
<
0.01). Histological observations revealed that the hippocampal neurons in the model group were disorderly arranged with reduced quantity, deformed and shrunken cell bodies, and pyknotic and hyperchromatic nuclei. The number of Nissl bodies decreased significantly. The number of endoplasmic reticula reduced obviously, accompanied by abnormal dilation and swelling, and the loss of normal folding structure. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and
β
Ⅲ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly increased in the model group. The protein expression levels of GRP78, p-PERK/PERK, ATF4, CHOP, NLRP3, GSDMD and Caspase-1 in the model group were significantly elevated (
P
<
0.01). Compared with the model group, the donepezil hydrochloride group and the ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups had a significantly shortened escape latency (
P
<
0.01) and an increased number of platform crossings (
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01). The residence time in the target quadrant was
increased in the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups (
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01), with a significantly improved recognition index (
P
<
0.01). In the donepezil hydrochloride group and all ZSHXP groups, the number of hippocampal neurons increased with a more compact arrangement and reduced nuclear hyperchromasia. The number of Nissl bodies increased with morphological structures tending to be normal. In the ZSHXP high-dose group, the number of endoplasmic reticula increased and the folding structure was restored. The fluorescence colocalization of NeuN with GRP78 and
β
Ⅲ Tubulin with GSDMD in the hippocampus was significantly weakened in the treatment groups. In the donepezil hydrochloride group, the protein expressions of GRP78, ATF4 and CHOP were increased (
P
<
0.01), while the expression of p-PERK/PERK was decreased (
P
<
0.05). In the ZSHXP low-dose group, the expressions of GRP78, p-PERK/PERK and CHOP were elevated (
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01). The ZSHXP medium- and high-dose groups showed a significant decrease in the protein expressions of p-PERK/PERK, ATF4 and CHOP (
P
<
0.01), and the high-dose group had a markedly reduced GRP78 protein expression (
P
<
0.01). In the donepezil hydrochloride group, the Caspase-1 protein expression was increased (
P
<
0.01) and the NLRP3 protein expression was decreased (
P
<
0.01). In the ZSHXP low-dose group, the GSDMD expression was elevated (
P
<
0.01) while the NLRP3 protein expression was reduced (
P
<
0.01). After treatment with medium and high doses of ZSHXP, the protein expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD and Caspase-1 were significantly decreased (
P
<
0.01).
Conclusion
2
The ameliorative effect of ZSHXP on cognitive function in 2-VO model rats may be associated with its regulation of the GRP78/PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway, which ameliorates ERS and inhibits neuronal pyroptosis.
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